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Flakus, A./ Etayo, J./ Miadlikowska, J./ Lutzoni, F./ Kukwa, M./ Matura, N./ Rodriguez-Flakus, P. 2019: Biodiversity assessment of ascomycetes inhabiting Lobariella lichens in Andean cloud forests led to one new family, three new genera and 13 new species of lichenicolous fungi. - Plant and Fungal Systematics 64(2): 283-344. [RLL List # 261 / Rec.# 42002]
Abstract: Neotropical mountain forests are characterized by having hyperdiverse and unusual fungi inhabiting lichens. The great majority of these lichenicolous fungi (i.e., detectable by light microscopy) remain undescribed and their phylogenetic relationships are mostly unknown. This study focuses on lichenicolous fungi inhabiting the genus Lobariella (Peltigerales), one of the most important lichen hosts in the Andean cloud forests. Based on molecular and morphological data, three new genera are introduced: Lawreyella gen. nov. (Cordieritidaceae, for Unguiculariopsis lobariella), Neobaryopsis gen. nov. (Cordycipitaceae), and Pseudodidymocyrtis gen. nov. (Didymosphaeriaceae). Nine additional new species are described (Abrothallus subhalei sp. nov., Atronectria lobariellae sp. nov., Corticifraga microspora sp. nov., Epithamnolia rugosopycnidiata sp. nov., Lichenotubeufia cryptica sp. nov., Neobaryopsis andensis sp. nov., Pseudodidymocyrtis lobariellae sp. nov., Rhagadostomella hypolobariella sp. nov., and Xylaria lichenicola sp. nov.). Phylogenetic placements of 13 lichenicolous species are reported here for Abrothallus, Arthonia, Globonectria, Lawreyella, Monodictys, Neobaryopsis, Pseudodidymocyrtis, Sclerococcum, Trichonectria and Xylaria. The name Sclerococcum ricasoliae comb. nov. is reestablished for the neotropical populations formerly named S. lobariellum (Sclerococcales). A key to sexual and asexual states of 40 species of lobariellicolous ascomycetous fungi is provided. Teleomorph-anamorph connections were established for several species using molecular methods and/or visual observations in nature. Additionally, we found that the anamorphic species Cornutispora ophiurospora inhabiting Lobariella was often accompanied by ascomata of Spirographa. Results of phylogenetic analyses, including newly generated sequences of several Cornutispora and Spirographa species inhabiting various host lichens, support the conclusion that Cornutispora is a synonym of Spirographa. Our Maximum Likelihood inference based on multiple loci show that all studied Spirographa (including Cornutispora) belong to a new lineage within Ostropales. Based on these highly supported phylogenetic placements and the distinct character states of their conidiomata, in comparison with other Lecanoromycetes, a new family is proposed – Spirographaceae fam. nov. This new lineage includes broadly distributed mycoparasites, inhabiting various lichen and fungal hosts, and representing an early diversification event preceding the lichen-forming clade of Fissurinaceae, Gomphillaceae and Graphidaceae. Two lichenicolous species, Asteroglobulus giselae and Pleoscutula arsenii, were found to be nested within the Spirographa clade, and their teleomorph-anamorph connections were confirmed based on genotypic and phenotypic data. This phylogenetic result is corroborated by their highly similar ascomata anatomy. Together these results strongly indicate that both species are congeneric with Spirographa. As a result, four new species (S. aggregata sp. nov., S. galligena sp. nov., S. maroneae sp. nov., and S. parmotrematis sp. nov.) and 15 new combinations are proposed (Spirographa ascaridiella comb. nov., S. arsenii comb. nov., S. ciliata comb. nov., S. giselae comb. nov., S. herteliana comb. nov., S. hypotrachynae comb. nov., S. intermedia comb. nov., S. lichenicola comb. nov., S. limaciformis comb. nov., S. ophiurospora comb. nov., S. pittii comb. nov., S. pyramidalis comb. nov., S. triangularis comb. nov., S. tricupulata comb. nov., and S. vermiformis comb. nov.). Species of the genus Spirographa, as outlined here, are strongly host-specific, mainly at the generic level of their host. Some host genera can harbour more than one Spirographa species.
Notes: New: Abrothallus subhalei Etayo, Flakus & Kukwa (on Lobariella auriculata, L. crenulata, L. pallida, L. reticulata, L. sp. from Bolivia; L. pallida from Ecuador), Atronectria lobariellae Etayo & Flakus (on L. crenulata & L. pallida from Bolivia), Corticifraga microspora Etayo & Flakus (on L. pallida from Bolivia), Epithamnolia rugosopycnidiata Etayo & Flakus (on L. sp. & Lopezaria versicolor from Bolivia; L. pallida from Ecudaor), Lawreyella Flakus, Etayo, Kukwa & Rodr.Flakus (type L. Lobariella), Lawreyella lobariella (S.Y.Kondr. & D.J.Galloway) Flakus, Etayo, Kukwa & Rodr.Flakus (≡ Unguiculariopsis lobariella S.Y.Kondr. & D.J.Galloway), Lichenotubeufia cryptica Etayo & Flakus (on L. pallida from Bolivia), Neobaryopsis Flakus, Etayo, Kukwa & Rodr.Flakus (type N. andensis), N. andensis Flakus, Etayo, Kukwa & Rodr.Flakus (on L. auriculata, L. crenulata, L. pallida, L. sp. from Bolivia), Pseudodidymocyrtis Flakus, Rodr.Flakus & Etayo (type P. lobariellae), P. lobariellae Flakus, Rodr.Flakus & Etayo (on L. pallida from Bolivia), Rhagadostomella hypolobariella Etayo & Flakus (on L. pallida, L. sp. from Bolivia), Sclerococcum ricasoliae (Vouaux) Flakus, Rodr.Flakus & Etayo (≡ Karschia ricasoliae Vouaux), Spirographaceae Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (type: Spirographa Zahlbr.), Spirographa aggregata Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (on Polyblastidium corallophorum from Bolivia), S. arsenii (Vouaux) Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (≡ Pleoscutula arsenii Vouaux), S. ascaridiella (Nyl.) Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (≡ Lecidea ascaridiella Nyl.), S. ciliata (Kalb) Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (≡ Cornutispora ciliata Kalb), S. galligena Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (on Erioderma sp. from Panama), S. giselae (Brackel) Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (≡ Asteroglobulus giselae Brackel), S. herteliana (Knoph.) Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (≡ C. herteliana Knoph), S. hypotrachynae (Etayo) Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (≡ Pleoscutula hypotrachynae Etayo), S. intermedia (Punith. & D.Hawksw.) Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (≡ C. intermedia Punith. & D.Hawksw.), S. lichenicola (D.Hawksw. & Sutton) Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (≡ C. lichenicola D.Hawksw. & B.Sutton), S. limaciformis (Piroz.) Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (≡ C. limaciformis Piroz.), S. maroneae Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (on Maronea constans from Bolivia), S. ophiurospora (Etayo) Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (≡ C. ophiurospora Etayo), S. pittii (D.Hawksw. & Punith.) Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (≡ C. pittii D.Hawksw. & Punith.), S. pyramidalis (Etayo) Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (≡ C. pyramidalis Etayo), S. triangularis (Diederich & Etayo) Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (≡ C. triangularis Diederich & Etayo), S. tricupulata (F. Berger & E.Zimm.) Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (≡ C. tricupulata F.Berger & Er.Zimm.), S. usneae Flakus, Kukwa & Etayo nom. inval. (on Usnea sp. From Bolivia & Ecuador), S. vermiformis (Leight.) Flakus, Etayo & Miadlikowska (≡ Melaspilea vermiformis Leight.), Xylaria lichenicola Flakus, Rodr. Flakus & Etayo (on L. sp. From Bolivia). The following synonymized with Spirographa: Asteroglobulus Brackel, Cornutispora Piroz., Pleoscutula Vouaux. Lectotypified: Graphis fusisporella Nyl. (≡ Spirographa fusisporella (Nyl.) Zahlbr.).
URL: https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/pfs/64/2/article-p283.xml?lang=en
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