Abstract: This paper presents a checklist of 129 lichens recorded for the Papuk Nature Park, including one species new for Croatia, Umbilicaria hirsuta, and eight species new for the area. The fieldwork was carried out at 17 localities in the period 2005-2007. The rare lichen Lobaria pulmonaria was found on old trees at three new sites. A further survey of forest-associated lichens will enable better integration of biodiversity conservation issues in forest management
Countries/Continents: Croatia
URL: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBkQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F104138&rct=j&q=nat.%20croat%20contribution%20to%20the%20knowledge%20of%20lichens&ei=ObRKTv23Asfw0gH_r9TrBw&usg=AFQjCNEhK5howcDY-esSoAbMy1yNN9U2aQ&sig2=-OIvvnwW4b8MpCw7rA2h7A&cad=rja
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Keywords: Delicacy mushroom/ Hon-shimeji/ Lyophyllum decastes species complex/ Taxonomy
Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships of Lyophyllum section Difformia were inferred using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large sub-unit (LSU) sequence data of specimens from Fennoscandia and Japan. Sequence analyses show that the delicacy mushroom Lyophyllum shimeji, hitherto only known from East Asia, occurs in Fennoscandia and that it is confined to Scots pine forests on lichen-clad sandy soil. Also, Lyophyllum decastes and L. fumosum, two species described from Europe, have a wide distribution and are represented in Japan. Within both these species sequence variation indicates that more taxa should be recognized. The observed phylogenetic differences correlate strongly with habitat, conifer or deciduous forest, but also to some extent with geographic origin. The identity of the species Lyophyllum loricatum remains unclear and further sequences from specimens fitting the original description are needed to resolve its taxonomic status. The phylogenetic results suggest that ecology is an important character when discriminating between species in Lyophyllum section Difformia. © 2011 The Mycological Society of Japan and Springer.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052757974&partnerID=40&md5=9e3c7c7499c09d7e8cd56c7528e1892e
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Abstract: A growing body of evidence indicates that in some cases morphology-based species circumscription of lichenized fungi misrepresents the number of existing species. The cosmopolitan "rock posy" lichen (Rhizoplaca melanophthalma) species-complex includes a number of morphologically distinct species that are both geographically and ecologically widespread, providing a model system to evaluate speciation in lichen-forming ascomycetes. In this study, we assembled multiple lines of evidence from nuclear DNA sequence data, morphology, and biochemistry for species delimitation in the R. melanophthalma species-complex. We identify a total of ten candidate species in this study, four of which were previously recognized as distinct taxa and six previously unrecognized lineages found within what has been thus far considered a single species. Candidate species are supported using inferences from multiple empirical operational criteria. Multiple instances of sympatry support the view that these lineages merit recognition as distinct taxa. Generally, we found little corroboration between morphological and chemical characters, and previously unidentified lineages were morphologically polymorphic. However, secondary metabolite data supported one cryptic saxicolous lineage, characterized by orsellinic-derived gyrophoric and lecanoric acids, which we consider to be taxonomically significant. Our study of the R. melanophthalma species-complex indicates that the genus Rhizoplaca, as presently circumscribed, is more diverse in western North American than originally perceived, and we present our analyses as a working example of species delimitation in morphologically cryptic and recently diverged lichenized fungi.
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Abstract: Mounting evidence suggests many morphology-based species circumscriptions in lichenized ascomycetes misrepresent fungal diversity. The lichenized ascomycete genus Xanthoparmelia includes over 800 described species displaying a considerable range of morphological and chemical variation. Species circumscriptions in this genus have traditionally been based on thallus morphology, medullary chemistry, and the presence or absence of sexual or asexual reproductive structures. Notwithstanding concerted effort on the part of taxonomists to arrive at a natural classification, modern taxonomic concepts for the most part remain unclear. Here we assess the evolution of characters traditionally regarded as taxonomically important by reconstructing a phylogenetic hypothesis based on sequence data from four nuclear ribosomal markers as well as fragments from two protein-coding nuclear loci. A total of 414 individuals were tested, representing 19 currently accepted species. Most sampled species, as currently circumscribed, were recovered as polyphyletic, suggesting that major diagnostic characters have evolved in a homoplasious manner. The vagrant growth form, distinct medullary chemistries, and production of vegetative diaspores appear to have evolved independently multiple times. Application of a population assignment test resulted in the recognition of 21 species-level genetic clusters, each of which was supported by a comparison of genetic distances as well as a Bayesian species delimitation method calculating probabilities associated with speciation events. Inferred clusters are largely incongruent with traditionally circumscribed species due to the prevalence of cryptic diversity and, in some cases, high levels of intraspecific morphological and chemical variation. These results call for a major taxonomic revision of Xanthoparmelia species in western North America. © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Abstract: Lichens are often used to monitor air quality and ecosystem health, and to define ecological gradients. Quantitative methods for estimating lichen population density and community composition are essential to effectively assess species and community response to ecological and environmental change. In this study we used two distance methods (point-centered quarter and quartered-neighbor methods), along with a compound estimator (Diggle's) to remove bias from non-random spatial patterns, to estimate Xanthoparmelia population density at a generic level on the summit of a high elevation plateau in southern Utah, USA. The sampling was extended to assess species composition and diversity. Population densities and relative species abundance were evaluated between meadow areas, sites, cardinal directions, and general substrate classes. We found that Xanthoparmelia populations varied widely in density and community composition across a relatively homogeneous landscape. Microhabitat, meadow-wide, and plateau-wide factors significantly influenced density and community structure in Xanthoparmelia. Our data reemphasize the inherent variability found in lichen communities and the importance of effective sampling for accurate ecological and biomonitoring studies. The two distance methods implemented here, moderated by Diggle's population density estimator, provide an efficient alternative to cover methods for estimating density. This study also indicates that these methods provide an effective approach for estimating population density and community structure in conjunction with ecological and bio-monitoring studies of some types of terricolous and saxicolous lichen communities.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-114.3.625
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Keywords: Forest-dwelling woodland caribou/ Landscape context/ Multi-scale habitat selection/ Rangifer tarandus caribou/ Resource selection function/ Spatial extent/ Threshold
Abstract: Efforts in isolating the relative effects of resources and disturbances on animal-distribution patterns remain hindered by the difficulty of accounting for multiple scales of resource selection by animals with seasonally dynamic drivers. We developed multi-scale, seasonal models to explore how local resource selection by the threatened forest-dwelling woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) was influenced by both broad-scale landscape context and local resource heterogeneity in the intensively managed region of Charlevoix, Québec, Canada, located on the southern border of the North American caribou range. We estimated resource selection functions using 23 GPS-collared caribou monitored from 2004 to 2006 and landscape data on vegetation classes, terrain conditions, and roads. We found evidence of thresholds in road "proximity" effects (up to 1.25 km), which underscores the importance of including landscape context variables in addition to locally measured variables, and of fitting seasonal-specific models given temporal variation in the magnitude of selection and optimal scale of measurement. Open lichen woodlands were an important cover type for caribou during winter and spring, whereas deciduous forests, wetlands, and even young disturbed stands became important during calving and summer. Caribou consistently avoided roads and rugged terrain conditions at both local and landscape levels. Landscape context fundamentally constrains the choices available to animals, and we showed that failing to consider landscape context, or arbitrarily choosing an inappropriate scale for measuring covariates, may provide biased inferences with respect to habitat selection patterns. Effective habitat management for rare or declining species should carefully consider the hierarchical nature of habitat selection. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052347544&partnerID=40&md5=e8b8d3893d105b695e0fb19d6168d71d
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Keywords: Conservation treatment/ Deterioration assessment/ Korean Buddha statues/ Biotite granite/ Conservation treatment/ Damage evaluation/ Differential weathering/ Host rocks/ Influence of water/ Korean Buddha statues/ Lithological characterization/ Long-term conservation/ Macrocrystalline/ Maintenance and conservation/ Rock-forming minerals/ Sericite/ Site environments/ Vertical crack/ Weathered rocks/ Weathering grades/ Damage detection/ Deterioration/ Feldspar/ Granite/ Lithology/ Mica/ Minerals/ Quartz/ Rating/ Rocks/ Soil mechanics/ Weathering/ chemical weathering/ colonization/ conservation planning/ crystallization/ damage/ historical record/ lithology/ long-term change/ quantitative analysis/ rock mechanics/ rock microstructure/ Korea
Abstract: This study focuses on the lithological characterization, quantitative deterioration assessment and conservation treatment of the tenth century rock-carved Buddha statues in Korea. The Buddha statues were carved on light gray macrocrystalline biotite granite, and features microcline phenocrysts and pegmatite patches. The rock-forming minerals are quartz, plagioclase, microcline and biotite showing micrographic and porphyritic textures. Feldspars and biotite in the host rock have been partly altered into sericite and chlorite by weathering. The surface of the Buddha statues is remarkably irregular due to granular disintegration and the differential weathering of the quartz and microcline. In addition, horizontal and vertical cracks in the host rock have promoted mechanical weathering. Biological colonization of the statues was serious, and featured dark gray and yellowish green lichen, dark green bryophyte and some plants. The Buddha statues were evaluated as the highly weathered rock by ultrasonic survey. The lower parts under the influence of water and areas with severely broken surfaces showed a much more advanced weathering grade. Therefore, scientific conservation treatment was carried out for the long-term maintenance and conservation of the Buddha statues. After pretests, dry, wet and chemical cleanings were applied to the statues. Next, joining of cracked parts and surface consolidating were executed. Finally, the site environment was improved by installation of drain and trimming trees around the statues to ensure more stable long-term conservation. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80051636853&partnerID=40&md5=ac2dea5b8baf408e1f94480311a46f53
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Abstract: A revision of the aquatic macrolichen Peltigera hydrothyria utilizing biogeographical, chemical, morphological, and ITS1, 5.8s, and ITS2 nrDNA sequence data is presented. Phylogenetic analyses of the molecular data revealed three strongly supported clades representing one cryptic and two non-cryptic taxa. The name P. hydrothyria is restricted to eastern North American populations while the allopatric chemically distinct populations from western North America are recognized as a distinct species, P. gowardii. Peltigera gowardii is circumscribed broadly to include two distinct phylogenetic entities. These findings illustrate the utility of characteristics such as geography and secondary chemistry in delimiting otherwise morphologically cryptic species when combined with molecular data.
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Abstract: Ramboldia blochiana, a sorediate species in the R. russula group, is described as new to science based on collections from North America (U.S.A.), Central America (Mexico), South America (Brazil, Venezuela), and the West Indies (Dominican Republic, Haiti).
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Keywords: Appalachian Mountains/ Magnusson/ SE coastal plain/ Sonoran Desert
Abstract: Acarospora complanata, Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola, and Lecanora stramineoalbida are reported new for North America north of Mexico. Acarospora superfusa is confirmed as occurring in North America. Biatorella rappii is placed in synonymy with Ramonia microspora. © 2011. Mycotaxon, Ltd.
Notes: New synonym: Biatorella rappii Zahlbr. = Ramonia microspora Vězda
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80051939753&partnerID=40&md5=fe4ef19e06dfc40d45bc5eb96e213639
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Abstract: New reports of Heiomasia seaveyorum extend the distribution of this sterile isidiate crustose lichen to include central and northern Florida. Detailed scanning electronic micrographs are also presented to illustrate the morphology of the species.
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Abstract: The distinguishing features of Ropalospora viridis and Fuscidea pusilla are discussed. The geographic distributions of the two species in eastern North America are revised: although both species have an Appalachian-Great Lakes distribution they have somewhat differing biogeographic tendencies. Fuscidea pusilla is a rare species of the northern boreal forests with disjunct populations in the central Appalachian Mountains, whereas R. viridis is common and widespread throughout the Appalachian Mountains and their outliers with disjunct populations in the Great Lakes. Color illustrations of both species are provided
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Abstract: A standardized morphological terminology and descriptive scheme for the sterile asexually reproducing genus Lepraria s. lat. is presented. The contribution includes observations on development and ontogeny of morphological structures and is extensively illustrated with scanning electron and light micrographs. Lepraria has long been considered to be devoid of morphological characters, however the results of extensive micro- and macro-morphological studies strongly refute this hypothesis. The morphological structures of the thallus are defined and described based on their varying degrees of complexity. Thalline morphological variability in the group is categorized into two major types that are further subdivided into six subtypes. Each subtype is described and an artifical key to the subtypes is provided.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000326
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Abstract: The divaricatic acid-producing populations of Lepraria in North America north of Mexico are revised with traditional morphological characters, chemistry, ecology, biogeography, and ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 sequence data. Three taxa are accepted: L. cryophila, L. hodkinsoniana sp. nov. and L. pacifica sp. nov. Both Lepraria crassissima and L. incana are excluded from the study area. Noncryptic, semicryptic and fully cryptic species concepts in Lepraria are discussed with emphasis on the practical integration of molecular characters into taxonomic frameworks based on non-molecular characters.
New taxa: Lepraria hodkinsoniana/L. pacifica
Notes: New species: Lepraria hodkinsoniana Lendemer and L. pacifica Lendemer
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Abstract: A summary of the lichenologically relevant changes to the International Code for Botanical Nomenclature passed by the nomenclature session in Melbourne, Australia in July, 2011 are presented. Background for each change is presented as is a summary of the impact of the change on lichenology and lichen nomenclature.
URL: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/philolichenum/biblio_detail.php?irn=274285
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Abstract: A summary of three biologically significant lichen habitats found in the northeastern counties of Pennsylvania is presented.
URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41610133
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Abstract: Vezdaea schuyleriana, a new species with sessile apothecia, simple ascospores, and filiform paraphyses that do not entwine individual asci is described from Pennsylvania, USA. A new English language key to the known species of the genus Vezdaea is provided.
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Notes: In French.
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Keywords: Diet/ Lichen/ Seasonal variation/ Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti)/ diet/ feeding behavior/ food consumption/ leaf/ lichen/ nature reserve/ primate/ sampling/ seasonal variation/ seasonality/ shoot/ taxonomy/ Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve/ China/ Yunnan
Abstract: From June 2008 to May 2009, we studied the diet composition for an over-large group of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) by direct observation and instantaneous scan sampling method at Xiangguqing (27°37'N, 99°22'E) in the Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province. The results indicated that the diet composition of R. bieti included 105 plant species in 42 families. The annual diet consisted of 50.6% lichens, 16.3% mature leaves, 10.5% fruits and seeds, 8.4% young leaves, 7.9% bamboo shoots, 3.0% buds, 1.9% flowers, 0.8% bark/petiole/stem, and 0. 5% fungi. The results also indicated that the monkey consumed more young leaves in spring, and more fruits and seeds in autumn, which suggested their dietary diversity varied seasonally. Bamboo shoots became one of primary foods of R. bieti in summer. We also found that their feeding the 10 families occupied 39. 6% of the total, and Rosaceae occupied 17. 57% , which showed significantly selectivity for food. Thus, all results suggested that feeding behaviors of R. bieti were significantly influenced by the seasonal variation of diverse foods.
Notes: This monkey primarily eats lichens.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-83455250648&partnerID=40&md5=a818615c973b1eecdff15eab94525a32
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Abstract: Epiphytic macrolichen litterfall was collected over 3 years from primary evergreen broad-leaved forests (PF), Populus bonatii secondary forests (PBSF), middle-aged oak secondary forests (MOSF) and old-aged oak secondary forests (OOSF) of the Ailao Mountains in SW China. To assess changes in the epiphyte communities of the subtropical forests, we compared the differences in biomass, species diversity and community structure of epiphytic lichens from the four forest types. A total of 51 species were recorded in this study. Species richness was highest in the PF, while α-diversity was highest in the MOSF. Lichen biomass differed markedly across the four forest types and was highest in the MOSF. The contribution of each dominant species to total biomass, except Nephromopsis ornata, was significantly different among forest types. Moreover, the percent contribution of foliose chlorolichens to litterfall tended to be higher in later-succession forest types, whereas the contributions of cyanolichens and fruticose chlorolichens were lower in these forest types. Compared to the PF, the lichen community structure in secondary forests differed significantly, implying that at least a few hundred years were needed for the restoration of these lichen communities. In particular, nineteen lichens were suggested as indicators, and eleven of them were present in the MOSF. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that the observed differences were mainly attributed to canopy openness and the size of the largest tree, which represented an environmental gradient from exposed to sheltered habitats. The diversity of host tree species was also important in determining the composition and distribution of macrolichens. Our findings support the idea that the maintenance of the forest landscape mosaic of heterogeneous forest types may be an important management practice to maintain or promote the epiphytic lichen community of the subtropical Ailao Mountains.
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Keywords: Ascomycetes/ Heme peroxidase/ Lichen/ Non-phenolic aromatics/ Phenols
Abstract: Lichens belonging to the order Peltigerales display strong activity of multi-copper oxidases (e.g. tyrosinase) as well as heme-containing peroxidases. The lichen peroxidase was purified to homogeneity from the thallus of Leptogium saturninum (LsaPOX) by fast protein liquid chromatography and then partially characterized. The oligomeric protein occurs as both 79. kDa dimeric and 42. kDa monomeric forms, and displayed broad substrate specificity. In addition to an ability to oxidize classic peroxidase substrates (e.g. 2,6-dimethoxyphenol), the enzyme could convert recalcitrant compounds such as synthetic dyes (e.g. Azure B and Reactive Blue 5), 4-nitrophenol and non-phenolic methoxylated aromatics (e.g. veratryl alcohol). Comparing LsaPOX with a basidiomycete dye-decolorizing (DyP)-type peroxidase from Auricularia auricula-judae showed that the lichen enzyme has a high-redox potential, with oxidation capabilities ranging between those of known plant and fungal peroxidases. Internal peptide fragments show homology (up to 60%) with putative proteins from free-living ascomycetes (e.g. Penicillium marneffei and Neosartorya fischeri), but not to sequences of algal or cyanobacterial peptides or to known fungal, bacterial or plant peroxidases. LsaPOX is the first heme peroxidase purified from an ascomyceteous lichen that may help the organism to successfully exploit the extreme micro-environments in which they often grow. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2011.10.004
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Notes: In Polish with English abstract
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Keywords: Air pollution/ Fluorine/ Lichens/ NO x/ Recolonisation/ SO2
Abstract: Dynamics of epiphytic lichen distribution and diversity in the town of Skawina, one of the major industrial centres of southern Poland, over the last 30 years, was documented in relation to air quality changes. Fieldwork was conducted in 2006-2007. A total of 34 species were recorded at 202 sites, which is similar to the historical data, however, significant qualitative changes occurred. Nitrogen- and dust-tolerant species have expanded and dominate, while some acidophytes, such as Lecanora conizaeoides, are in decline. Lichens have recolonised the former 'lichen desert' in the town centre. Species richness at study sites has increased; and an improvement in the health of lichen thalli was noted. These trends reflect air quality improvement, mainly SO2 decline in the last few decades and transport-related compounds, mainly NO x and dust that have became the main pollutants. Host tree species and diameter diversity also contribute significantly to lichen species diversity in the study area. The recolonisation process seems far from complete and further changes in the lichen distribution and diversity in the study area are expected. © 2010 The Author(s).
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79960405033&partnerID=40&md5=c573aedcab4f0ba56d7f1e25d525fab9
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Abstract: Altitude is one of the most important factors influencing lichen biodiversity. Understanding the altitudinal distribution patterns of lichens is the first step towards the effective protection of lichen biodiversity. The lichen genus Peltigera tends to distribute at higher altitudes [(2,022±995)m] with a narrow altitudinal range (68% species occurring between 1,694－2,954m), suggesting its biodiversity can be highly affected by global warming. A unimodal distribution pattern was detected for both species richness and individual richness of the genus. The eleven species examined in detail have different altitudinal patterns that seem to be related to altitude. The altitudinal distribution of the eleven species evidently supports the Rapoport rule. The following four lichens may be most sensitive to global warming due to their high altitude distribution and narrow altitude range, viz.: Peltigera continentalis, P. dolichospora, P. kristinssonii and P. venosa.
Countries/Continents: Asia/China
URL: http://manu40.magtech.com.cn/Jwxb/EN/abstract/abstract371.shtml#
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Keywords: Biological soil crusts/ Crust ages/ Crust types/ Dune fixation/ Soil nematode/ Tengger Desert
Abstract: Biological soil crusts (BSCs) play an important role in the dune fixation and maintaining soil biota in arid desert systems. Free-living soil nematode communities could be used as significant bioindicators to reflect soil recover regime after sand burial. However, the relationship between BSCs and nematodes is rarely known. To examine the effects of BSCs on soil nematodes, 72 soil samples under cyanobacteria-lichen and moss crusts were collected to analyse nematode communities in the different aged vegetated areas at the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert. Our results showed the colonization and development of BSCs significantly enhanced nematode diversity. Nematode abundances, generic richness, H', MI, EI and SI were greater under crusts than those under noncrust. In particular, nematode abundances, generic richness, H', MI, EI and SI were positively correlated with crust ages. The differences in nematode communities were also dependent upon crust types. Nematode abundances and generic richness under moss crusts were higher than those under cyanobacteria-lichen crusts. This can be contributed to the present and succession of BSCs that increased thickness of topsoil after dunes have been stabilized, namely, creating suitable habitats and providing an essential food source for nematodes. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052139390&partnerID=40&md5=6a97296ebb94a38e9eb5f3baf846fcd5
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Keywords: Air pollution, bark pH, biomonitoring, forest dieback, Italy, trace elements
Abstract: This study checked the hypothesis if the diversity of epiphytic lichens on conifer trees far removed from local sources of air pollution and affected by dieback by biotic factors such as fungi and infects is higher than the diversity on nearby healthy trees. The results showed that this hypothesis does not apply to the study area (Chianti Region, Tuscany, C Italy), which experiences low levels of air pollution, and where the lichen vegetation of damaged trees is not different from that of nearby healthy trees. Other site factors such as solar irradiation, air temperature and relative humidity, as well as substrate bark parameters such as water-holding capacity, conductivity, and ammonium, K, Mg and Na content were not different between healthy and damaged trees. Higher bark concentrations of Mn, Ca and Fe on damaged trees are consistent with known effects of these elements on lichens. The higher bark pH measured on healthy trees requires further study, but nevertheless bark pH was not a decisive factor for the epiphytic lichen vegetation.
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Keywords: Conservation/ Continuity/ Forest management/ Habitat/ Lichen/ Limiting factor/ Structural diversity
Abstract: Appropriate conservation management of old-forest species depends on the causes of their oldforest affinity, which, however, are insufficiently known. Calicioid fungi are often considered old-forest dependent because of their special requirements for microhabitat, microclimate, and stand continuity for at least two tree generations. We demonstrate that, for several methodological or interpretational problems, published studies do not provide unequivocal evidence for such mechanisms and even for old-forest dependency of calicioids in general. We then analyse a large Estonian dataset (ca. 2300 records of 32 species) representing various management types and site types to answer whether old forests have more calicioid species, and any specific species, than could be expected for the substratum availability observed. Although old growth had more species and records than mature managed stands or cutover sites, those substratum types that occurred at roughly similar abundances also hosted comparable numbers of species in different management types. The characteristic substrata adding extra species to old growth were snags and root-plates of treefall mounds; wood surfaces in general comprised more than half of all calicioid records. Although substratum abundance did not fully explain the species-richness contrast between old growth and mature stands, additional evidence suggested that the unexplained variance is rather due to small-scale habitat characteristics than stand-scale continuity or microclimate. Finally, we review the evidence for old-forest affinity of calicioid species and distinguish a set of threatened species. We conclude that the availability of specific substrata is the main limiting factor for calicioid fungi in forests, and its quantitative and stochastic nature explains the large random and region-specific variation in the published lists of 'old-forest species'.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84856620063&partnerID=40&md5=a309335ce1c6f09c0250d92fdf679bb8
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Keywords: AFNOR/ Air quality/ Biomonitoring/ CEN/ Lichen/ Moss/ Normalisation/ Ray-grass/ Tobacco
Abstract: The practice of biomonitoring method for the assessment of air quality is well documented, but is limited to purposes of research and do not contribute to the decisionmaking process. Biomonitoring methods are not explicitly mentioned or recommended at present in any national or European regulation, which act as a brake to its expansion. Standardization thus appears to be necessary to insure that biomonitoring techniques are best recognised. The French standardization institute AFNOR established the committee T95AIR "Biomonitoring of air quality" in 2005 to elaborate the first four national standards of biomonitoring of the air quality. The fours standards were published in 2008 (on bioassessment of ozone using tobacco plants, active biomonitoring by ray-grass, passive biomonitoring procedures using cultivated mosses and determination of Index of epiphytic lichens). This committee T95AIR is still active and began to work in 2008 on the elaboration of three new French standards. In the meantime, the European Committee of Standardization (CEN) launched four new items in order to publish the first European standard in this domain probably in 2013.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84855379474&partnerID=40&md5=5dab5fe15f4b6a914411237e72eea5dd
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Keywords: chemistry, lichens, Muránska planina Mts, Nízke Tatry Mts, Veporské vrchy Mts
Abstract: Occurrence of five species of the genus Usnea (U. dasypoga, U. hirta including U. hirta subsp. helvetica, U. intermedia, U. lapponica and U. subfloridana) is reported from 10 localities of central Slovakia (Nízke Tatry Mts, Spiško-gemerský kras Karst, Veporské vrchy Mts). Chemical and morphological properties of particular collections are discussed.
Genera/Families: Usnea/ Parmeliaceae
Countries/Continents: Slovakia
Notes: In Slovak with English abstract and summary
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Abstract: Species of Usnea with black pigmentation in the cortex and dark apothecial discs are informally referred to as neuropogonoid lichens. Here we studied the phylogenetic relationships of the core group of neuropogonoid lichens using DNA sequence data of three loci: nuclear ITS and IGS rDNA and RPB1. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses revealed monophyly of 11 neuropogonoid species, with U. ciliata and U. subcapillaris forming a separate lineage. The backbone of the phylogeny of the core group was not resolved with statistical confidence, but relationships of groups of two to three species received strong support (U. acromelana +U. aurantiaco-atra; U. messutiae+U. pallidocarpa; U. sphacelata+U. subantarctica+U. trachycarpa; U. lambii+U. perpusilla+U. ushuaiensis). The new combination U. lambii (Imshaug) Wirtz & Lumbsch comb. nov. is made and U. messutiae Wirtz & Lumbsch sp. nov. is described.
Notes: New combination: Usnea lambii (Imshaug) Wirtz & Lumbsch
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000417
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Keywords: Cryptic species/ Lichens/ Monophyly of species/ Phylogeny/ Ribosomal/ Species circumscription/ Taxonomy
Abstract: Accurate species delimitations are crucial for ecological and conservation studies, assessments of biotic diversity, and identifying factors driving diversification. Estimates suggest that the vast majority of fungal species are currently unknown. Although many undescribed fungal taxa are expected to be indentified within understudied groups and from underexplored areas, mounting evidence suggests a substantial number of unrecognized fungal species are likely hidden within traditional phenotypebased species in lichen-forming fungi. Molecular genetics has revolutionized our ability to assess traditional species concepts and provides additional tools for robust species delimitation. In general, lichens display few taxonomically usefully characters; therefore molecular data have gained great importance in delimiting fungal species in lichen symbioses. As a result, the taxonomic value of phenotypical characters is now much better understood, and in many cases previously overlooked characters have been identified supporting molecular-based species circumscriptions. Although in some cases molecular research has verified traditional hypotheses, most studies repeatedly show that our current interpretation of morphological and chemical characters is inadequate to accurately characterize diversity. Here we report on the role of molecular data in understanding species-level diversity in lichenized fungi by reviewing current literature, focusing primarily on Ascomycota. While finding and applying the appropriate character sets and analytical tools remains one of the greatest challenges to empirical species delimitation in lichen-forming fungi, the available literature indicates that the inclusion of molecular data in species circumscription is crucial to establish robust hypotheses of species boundaries in this important group of fungi. © Kevin D. Hyde 2011.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0123-z
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Notes: New species: Acarospora flavisparsa V.J.Rico & Candan, Acarospora janae K. Knudsen, Aderkomyces thailandicus Papong, Boonpragob & Lücking, Amandinea maritima Giralt, van den Boom & Elix, Ampliotrema cocosense Lücking & Chaves, Anomomorpha lecanorina Sipman, Anomomorpha tuberculata Lücking, Umaña & Will-Wolf, Aspicilia mansourii Sohrabi, Bacidina sorediata Seaward & Lücking, Badimia multiseptata Papong & Lücking, Badimia vezdana Lücking, Farkas & Wirth, Biatora epirotica Printzen & T.Sprib., Buellia sulphurica Bungartz & Aptroot, Bunodophoron pinnatum Wedin, Byssoloma spinulosum Sérus., Calopadia cinereopruinosa Bungartz & Lücking, Calopadia editae Vĕzda ex Chaves & Lücking, Caloplaca brownlieae S.Y.Kondr., Elix & Kärnefelt, Caloplaca decipioides Arup, Caloplaca digitaurea Søgaard, Søchting & Sancho, Caloplaca magnussoniana S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt & A.Thell, Caloplaca mereschkowskiana S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt, Caloplaca yorkensis S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt, Calvitimela uniseptata G.Thor, Chapsa microspora Kalb, Chapsa psoromica M.Cáceres, Santos de Jesus & Santos Vieira, Chapsa rubropulveracea Hale ex Mangold, Lücking & Lumbsch, Chapsa thallotrema Lücking & N.Salazar, Chiodecton pustuliferum Aptroot, Cladonia mongkolsukii Parnmen & Ahti, Clypeopyrenis porinoides Komposch, J.E.Hern. & Rosabal, Coccocarpia delicatula Bungartz, Ziemmeck & Lücking, Coenogonium flammeum L.I.Ferraro, Michlig & Lücking, Cresponea ancistrosporelloides Sparrius & Sipman, Crocynia microphyllina Aptroot, Dictyonema hernandezii Lücking, Lawrey & Dal-Forno, Dictyonema hirsutum Moncada & Lücking, Diorygma microsporum M.Cáceres & Lücking, Diorygma sticticum Sutjaritturakan, Kalb & Lücking, Echinoplaca pernambucensis Øvstedal & Elix, Echinoplaca schizidiifera J.E.Hern. & Lücking, Eremithallus marusae R.Miranda, Gaya & Lücking, Everniastrum constictovexans Sipman, Fellhanera borbonica Sérus., van den Boom & Brand, Fibrillithecis sprucei Mangold, Lücking & Lumbsch, Fissurina astroisidiata Herrera-Campos & Lücking, Fissurina nigrolabiata Rivas Plata, Bawingan & Lücking, Fissurina subcomparimuralis Common & Lücking, Graphis caribica Lücking, Graphis cerradensis Marcelli, Benatti & Lücking, Graphis itatiaiensis Nelsen, Lücking & Spielmann, Graphis marusae B.Peña & Lücking, Gyalideopsis chicaque Moncada & Lücking, Gyrotrema papillatum Lücking, Harpidium gavilaniae Amo, Pérez-Ortega & A. Crespo, Hypogymnia amplexa Goward, Björk & Wheeler, Hypotrachyna guatemalensis Elix & van den Boom, Hypotrachyna indica Divakar, Lumbsch, Upreti & A.Crespo, Hypotrachyna lueckingii Sipman, Hypotrachyna paracitrella Sipman & Palice, Hypotrachyna paraphyscioides Sipman, Hypotrachyna parasinuosa Sipman & Palice, Icmadophila eucalypti Kantvilas, Krogia microphylla Timdal, Lecanora mugaii Kirika, I.Schmitt, Fankhauser & Lumbsch, Lecanora printzenii Pérez-Ortega, Vivas & Hafellner, Lecanora xanthoplumosella Lumbsch & Elix, Lecidea lygommella Elix, Lecidella greenii U.Ruprecht & Türk, Lempholemma corticola M.Schultz & T.Sprib., Lepraria sekikaica Elix, Lobariella sipmanii Moncada, Betancourt & Lücking, Megalospora austropacifica Lumbsch, Naikatini & Lücking, Megalospora galapagoensis Bungartz, Ziemmeck & Lücking, Menegazzia endocrocea Kantvilas, Myriotrema endoflavescens Hale ex Lücking, Ocellularia albobullata Lücking, Sipman & Grube, Ocellularia vizcayensis Rivas Plata, Duya & Lücking, Ochrolechia insularis Kantvilas & Elix, Opegrapha viridipruinosa B.J.Coppins & R.Yahr, Pannaria phyllidiata Elvebakk, Parmelia asiatica A.Crespo & Divakar, Pertusaria conspersa Messuti, Phlyctis psoromica Elix & Kantvilas, Placopsis imshaugii D.J.Galloway, Platismatia wheeleri Goward, Altermann & Björk, Porina huainamdungensis Papong, Thammathaworn & Lücking, Ramalina hyrcana Sipman, Ramalina stoffersii Sipman, Relicina coloiana Elix & Sipman, Rhizocarpon diploschistidina McCune, Sagenidiopsis isidiata G.Thor, Elix, Lücking & Sipman, Sticta venosa Lücking, Moncada & Robayo, Tapellaria albomarginata Lücking, Thelotrema fijiense Lumbsch, Lücking & Naikatini, Tricharia nigriuncinata Yeshitela, Eb.Fischer, Killmann & Sérus., Usnea galapagona Truong & P.Clerc, Usnea pallidocarpa Wirtz & Lumbsch, Verrucaria rhizicola Aptroot & Thüs, and Xanthomendoza rosmarieae S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt; new combinations: Fibrillithecis dehiscens (Leight.) Mangold, Lücking & Lumbsch, Lobariella botryoides (Yoshim. & Arv.) Moncada & Lücking, and Lobariella pallida (Hook.f.) Moncada & Lücking.
URL: http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00018p127.pdf
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Abstract: [New species: Lecanora hafelliana L. Lü, Y. Joshi & Hur and L. loekoesii Y. Joshi, L. Lü & Hur] Two new species, Lecanora hafelliana L. Lü, Y. Joshi & Hur and L. loekoesii Y. Joshi, L. Lü & Hur, are described as new to science from South Korea and eight species, L. campestris (Schaer.) Hue, L. cenisia Ach., L. nipponica H. Miyaw., L. perplexa Brodo, L. plumosa Müll. Arg., L. polytropa (Hoffm.) Rabenh., L. subrugosa Nyl. and L. sulcata (Hue) H. Miyaw., are recorded from South Korea for the first time. Lecanora hafelliana is characterized by the presence of hafellic acid, which is reported for the first time in this genus, while L. loekoesii is characterized by multispored asci and a thallus containing norstictic acid.
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Abstract: Two new species, Lecanora hafelliana L. Lü, Y. Joshi & Hur and L. loekoesii Y. Joshi, L. Lü & Hur, are described as new to science from South Korea and eight species, L. campestris (Schaer.) Hue, L. cenisia Ach., L. nipponica H. Miyaw., L. perplexa Brodo, L. plumosa Müll. Arg., L. polytropa (Hoffm.) Rabenh., L. subrugosa Nyl. and L. sulcata (Hue) H. Miyaw., are recorded from South Korea for the first time. Lecanora hafelliana is characterized by the presence of hafellic acid, which is reported for the first time in this genus, while L. loekoesii is characterized by multispored asci and a thallus containing norstictic acid.
Notes: New species: Lecanora hafelliana L. Lü, Y. Joshi & Hur and L. loekoesii Y. Joshi, L. Lü & Hur.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000144
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Abstract: Background: We present a novel method to encode ambiguously aligned regions in fixed multiple sequence alignments by 'Pairwise Identity and Cost Scores Ordination' (PICS-Ord). The method works via ordination of sequence identity or cost scores matrices by means of Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA). After identification of ambiguous regions, the method computes pairwise distances as sequence identities or cost scores, ordinates the resulting distance matrix by means of PCoA, and encodes the principal coordinates as ordered integers. Three biological and 100 simulated datasets were used to assess the performance of the new method. Results: Including ambiguous regions coded by means of PICS-Ord increased topological accuracy, resolution, and bootstrap support in real biological and simulated datasets compared to the alternative of excluding such regions from the analysis a priori. In terms of accuracy, PICS-Ord performs equal to or better than previously available methods of ambiguous region coding (e.g., INAASE), with the advantage of a practically unlimited alignment size and increased analytical speed and the possibility of PICS-Ord scores to be analyzed together with DNA data in a partitioned maximum likelihood model. Conclusions: Advantages of PICS-Ord over step matrix-based ambiguous region coding with INAASE include a practically unlimited number of OTUs and seamless integration of PICS-Ord codes into phylogenetic datasets, as well as the increased speed of phylogenetic analysis. Contrary to word- and frequency-based methods, PICS-Ord maintains the advantage of pairwise sequence alignment to derive distances, and the method is flexible with respect to the calculation of distance scores. In addition to distance and maximum parsimony, PICS-Ord codes can be analyzed in a Bayesian or maximum likelihood framework. RAxML (version 7.2.6 or higher that was developed for this study) allows up to 32-state ordered or unordered characters. A GTR, MK, or ORDERED model can be applied to analyse the PICS-Ord codes partition, with GTR performing slightly better than MK and ORDERED. Availability: An implementation of the PICS-Ord algorithm is available from http://scit.us/projects/ngila/wiki/PICS-Ord webcite. It requires both the statistical software, R http://www.r-project.org and the alignment software Ngila http://scit.us/projects/ngila .
Notes: Sequence data from Graphidaceae and Physciaceae, in addition to simulated data, were analyzed to assess the new methodology.
URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/12/10
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Notes: New genus: Trinathotrema Lücking, Rivas Plata & Mangold; new combinations: Trinathotrema lumbricoides (Sipman) Sipman & Aptroot and T. stictideum (Nyl.) Lücking, Miranda & Kalb
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Keywords: Ascomycota; lichens; new species; biodiversity; biogeography; Florida
Abstract: Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park is located in Collier County at the extreme southwestern corner of Florida, close to Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve. The 18th Tuckerman Workshop, an annual gathering of professional and amateur lichenologists and mycologists from the United States and Canada, this time with additional participants from Puerto Rico, Peru, and Austria, was held at this locality from March 1–7, 2009. Lichens were collected over a five day span from four sites within the Preserve. Together with previously made collections, the survey produced a total of 432 taxa, 18 of which are new to science and 89 are additions to the North America checklist, six of which are also new to the New World. The new species are: Calopadia floridana Hodges & Lücking, Calopadia imshaugii Common & Lücking, Cryptothecia miniata Vain. ex Lücking, Diorygma microsporum M. Cáceres & Lücking (formally described in a separate paper), Fissurina aggregatula Common & Lücking, Fissurina analphabetica Common & Lücking, Fissurina confusa Common & Lücking, Fissurina inspersa Common & Lücking, Fissurina pseudostromatica Lücking & Rivas Plata, Fissurina subcomparimuralis Common & Lücking (formally described in a separate paper), Fissurina tuckermaniana Common & Lücking, Fissurina varieseptata Common & Lücking, Graphis appendiculata Common & Lücking, Halegrapha floridana Common & Lücking (formally described in a separate paper), Heiomasia seaveyorum M. P. Nelsen & Lücking (formally described in a separate paper), Phaeographis delicatula Common & Lücking, Tapellaria floridensis Common & Lücking, and Tapellaria granulosa Lücking & Rivas Plata. Further, the following three new combinations are proposed: Chapsa platycarpoides (Tuck.) Breuss & Lücking, Fissurina intercludens (Nyl.) Lücking & Rivas Plata, and Fissurina mexicana (Zahlbr.) Lücking & Rivas Plata. Six species are for the first time reported for the New World: Arthonia interveniens Nyl., Arthonia simplicascens Nyl., Chapsa subpatens (Hale) Mangold, Fissurina crassilabra Mont. & Bosch, Stirtonia dubia A. L. Sm., and Stirtonia macrocarpa Makhija & Patw. Further 83 species are additions to the North American lichen checklist: Amandinea endachroa (Malme) Marbach, Anisomeridium subnexum (Nyl.) R. C. Harris, Arthonia antillarum (Fée) Nyl., Aspidothelium cinerascens Vain., Aspidothelium geminiparum (Malme) R. Sant., Aspidothelium scutellicarpum Lücking, Astrothelium diplocarpoides Müll. Arg., Byssoloma chlorinum (Vain.) Zahlbr., Calopadia editae Vĕzda ex Chaves & Lücking, Calopadia lecanorella (Nyl.) Kalb & Vězda, Calopadia perpallida (Nyl.) Vězda, Calopadia subcoerulescens (Zahlbr.) Vězda, Chapsa chionostoma (Nyl.) Rivas Plata & Mangold, Chapsa platycarpoides (Tuck.) Breuss & Lücking, Coenogonium congense C. W. Dodge, Coenogonium geralense (P. Henn) Lücking, Coenogonium luteocitrinum Rivas Plata, Lücking & Umaña., Coenogonium subdentatum (Vězda & G. Thor) Rivas Plata, Lücking, Umana & Chaves., Coenogonium subfallaciosum (Vězda & Farkas) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman., Coniarthonia wilmsiana (Müll. Arg.) Grube, Cryptolechia nana (Tuck.) D. Hawksw. & Dibben, Cryptothecia effusa (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant., Cryptothecia punctosorediata Sparrius., Dictyonema phyllogenum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Dictyonema sericeum f. phyllophilum Parm., Echinoplaca leucotrichoides (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant., Eugeniella leucocheila (Tuck.) Lücking, Sérus. & Kalb, Fissurina cingalina (Nyl.) Staiger, Fissurina egena (Nyl.) Nyl., Fissurina mexicana (Zahlbr.) Lücking & Rivas Plata, Fissurina radiata Mont., Fissurina tachygrapha (Nyl.) Staiger, Glyphis atrofusca (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, Graphis argentata Lücking & Umaña., Graphis assimilis Nyl., Graphis caesiocarpa Redinger, Graphis caribica Lücking, Graphis conferta Zenker., Graphis cupei Vain. ex Lücking, Graphis disserpens Nyl., Graphis handelii Zahlbr., Graphis longula Kremp., Graphis oshioi M. Nakan., Graphis pseudocinerea Lücking, Graphis sauroidea Leight., Graphis stellata M. Cáceres & Lücking, Graphis subflexibilis Lücking & Chaves., Graphis xanthospora Müll. Arg., Gyalectidium ulloae Herrera-Campos & Lücking, Lücking & G. Thor, Herpothallon echinatum Aptroot, Lücking & Will-Wolf., Lecanora achroa Nyl., Lecanora elapheia Stizenb., Leucodecton compunctellum (Nyl.) A. Frisch., Malmidea fuscella (Müll. Arg.) Kalb & Lücking, Malmidea gyalectoides (Vain.) Kalb & Lücking, Malmidea leptoloma (Müll. Arg.) Kalb & Lücking, Malmidea piperis (Spreng.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch, Malmidea rhodopis (Tuck.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch, Malmidea variabilis Kalb, Malmidea vinosa (Eschw.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch, Myriotrema pycnoporellum (Nyl.) Hale, Ocellularia auberianoides (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Ocellularia obturascens (Nyl.) Hale, Pertusaria paratuberculifera Dibben, Phaeographis flavescens Dal Forno & Eliasaro., Phaeographis inconspicua (Fée) Müll. Arg., Phaeographis leiogrammodes (Kremp.) Müll. Arg., Phaeographis major (Kremp.) Lücking, Phaeographis nylanderi (Vain.) Zahlbr., Phaeographis scalpturata (Ach.) Staiger, Phaeographis schizoloma (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., Phyllopsora lacerata Timdal, Pseudopyrenula subgregaria Müll. Arg., Pseudopyrenula subnudata Müll. Arg., Psoroglaena costaricensis Henssen, Pyrenula brunnea Fée, Pyrenula sexlocularis (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Sporopodium marginatum Lücking & Lumbsch, Strigula orbicularis Fr., Strigula schizospora R. Sant., Tapellaria albomarginata Lücking, Tapellaria malmei R. Sant., and Thelotrema pachysporum Nyl. The high number of species found within a relatively small area, which corresponds to almost 10% of all lichens currently known in North America, is put into perspective by comparing it with other protected areas in the United States. It is explained by the high carrying capacity of (sub-)tropical vegetation for epiphytic and particularly crustose lichens. Keytables and image plates are presented to facilitate the identification of species in larger crustose genera.
New taxa: New species: Calopadia floridana Hodges & Lücking, Calopadia imshaugii Common & Lücking, Cryptothecia miniata Vain. ex Lücking, Fissurina aggregatula Common & Lücking, Fissurina analphabetica Common & Lücking, Fissurina confusa Common & Lücking, Fissurina inspersa Common & Lücking, Fissurina pseudostromatica Lücking & Rivas Plata, Fissurina tuckermaniana Common & Lücking, Fissurina varieseptata Common & Lücking, Graphis appendiculata Common & Lücking, Phaeographis delicatula Common & Lücking, Tapellaria floridensis Common & Lücking, and Tapellaria granulosa Lücking & Rivas Plata; new combinations: Chapsa platycarpoides (Tuck.) Breuss & Lücking, Fissurina intercludens (Nyl.) Lücking & Rivas Plata, and Fissurina mexicana (Zahlbr.) Lücking & Rivas Plata.
Notes: New species: Calopadia floridana Hodges & Lücking, Calopadia imshaugii Common & Lücking, Cryptothecia miniata Vain. ex Lücking, Fissurina aggregatula Common & Lücking, Fissurina analphabetica Common & Lücking, Fissurina confusa Common & Lücking, Fissurina inspersa Common & Lücking, Fissurina pseudostromatica Lücking & Rivas Plata, Fissurina tuckermaniana Common & Lücking, Fissurina varieseptata Common & Lücking, Graphis appendiculata Common & Lücking, Phaeographis delicatula Common & Lücking, Tapellaria floridensis Common & Lücking, and Tapellaria granulosa Lücking & Rivas Plata; new combinations: Chapsa platycarpoides (Tuck.) Breuss & Lücking, Fissurina intercludens (Nyl.) Lücking & Rivas Plata, and Fissurina mexicana (Zahlbr.) Lücking & Rivas Plata.
URL: http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/bulletin/vol49no4supplmats.htm
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Keywords: foliicolous/ Leptogium/ Philippines
Abstract: The new foliicolous lichen Coccocarpia melloniorum Lücking from the Philippines is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to C. epiphylla but differs in the formation of disc-shaped isidia and dark rhizines. The species was discovered as part of a type digitization project through the Global Plant Initiative (GPI), as part of a syntype collection of Leptogium phyllogenum f. subsinuatum Vain. © 2011 The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc.
Notes: New species: Coccocarpia melloniorum Lücking.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-114.4.702
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Abstract: The new genus Halegrapha is introduced, with six species (five new species and one new combination) from Australia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Kenya, Mexico, and the United States: H. chimaera Rivas Plata & Lücking (type species; Philippines), H. floridana Common & Lücking (United States: Florida), H. intergrapha Hale ex Lücking (Malaysia), H. kenyana Kalb & Lücking (Kenya), H. mexicana A. B. Peña & Lücking (Mexico), and H. mucronata (Stirt.) Lücking (Australia). The genus resembles Graphis morphologically in the strongly carbonized, black lirellae and white-grey thallus strongly encrusted with calcium oxalate crystals, but has a Phaeographis-type hymenium (clear in two species) and ascospores, making it a 'chimera' between the two genera. Molecular data suggest the genus to be closely related to Phaeographis and allies but genetically distinct from any of the genera currently recognized, including Platygramme.
Notes: New species: H. chimaera Rivas Plata & Lücking (type species), H. floridana Common & Lücking, H. intergrapha Hale ex Lücking, H. kenyana Kalb & Lücking, H. mexicana A. B. Peña & Lücking; new combination: H. mucronata (Stirt.) Lücking
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000302
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Abstract: A brief discussion of the Encyclopedia of Life and the LifeDesks websites as a means to assemble and publish species pages and taxonomic information on the internet, for both the scientific community and the public, is provided. The lichen family Parmeliaceae is the first large group of lichenized fungi for which a concerted effort is currently being undertaken to produce substantial content for the EOL.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000168
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Keywords: CANCER CELL/ CELL CYCLE/ CYTOTOXICITY/ LICHEN METABOLITES/ MEDICINE/ SECONDARY CHEMISTRY/ PARIETIN/ ATRANORIN/ USNIC ACID/ GYROPHORIC ACID
Abstract: [Tests on nine human cancer cell lines. "However, in comparison with parietin and gyrophoric acid, the suppression of viability and cell proliferation by usnic acid or atranorin was found to be more efficient at equitoxic doses and correlated more strongly with an increased number of floating cells or a higher apoptotic index. This study has confirmed a differential sensitivity of cancer cell lines to lichen secondary metabolites."]
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Keywords: ATRANORIN/ CYTOTOXICITY/ FREE RADICALS/ LICHEN METABOLITES/ OXIDATIVE STRESS
Abstract: [Discussion of the beneficial chemical properties of atranorin, the main compound found in Cladina kalbii.]
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Abstract: [These researchers have developed a protocol for classiying optical satellite images of Sweden into ground lichen cover classes, which is useful information for understanding reindeer grazing patterns.]
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Abstract:
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Abstract: [In vitro antioxidant activity of some extracts of Ramalina capitata was studied; potential anti-ulcer and antioxidant activities were revealed.]
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Abstract:
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Keywords: BOREAL FORESTS/ EPIPHYTES/ LICHEN SUBSTANCES/ LICHEN-FORMING FUNGI/ MOUNTAIN FORESTS/ TAIGA
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Keywords: ENDOPHAGY/ FOOD WEB/ LICHEN FEEDING/ MOSSES/ NICHE/ ORIBATID MITES/ STABLE ISOTOPES/ TROPHIC ECOLOGY/ TROPHIC LEVEL
Abstract: [These mites are more likely to feed on lichen than moss.]
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Abstract:
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Keywords: CROWN COVER/ DECIDUOUS FORESTS/ EPIPHYTIC LICHENS/ FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR/ GOTLAND/ QUERCUS ROBUR/ SPECIES COMPOSITION/ SPECIES RICHNESS/ SWEDEN
Abstract: [Study of epiphytic lichens on an island in the Baltic Sea found that "traditionally managed" wooded meadows supported the richest populations of red-listed lichens.]
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Abstract: [Data confirms new genus Vahliella's placement as the sister to a group consisting of Lobariaceae, Massalongiaceae, Nephromataceae and Peltigeraceae, in the Peltigerales.]//The recently described genus Vahliella (Peltigerales, Ascomycetes) has repeatedly appeared outside the Pannariaceae in molecular phylogenies. Here we include data from additional species of the genus and utilize mtSSU rDNA and RPB1 sequences to confirm its placement as the sister to a group consisting of Lobariaceae, Massalongiaceae, Nephromataceae and Peltigeraceae, in the Peltigerales. The new family Vahliellaceae Wedin, P. M. Jørg. & S. Ekman is described for the genus, and its morphological characteristics are briefly discussed.
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Abstract: [New genus is proposed based on molecular and morphological characters as well as analysis of secondary metabolites. Includes a key.]
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Keywords: Air pollution/ Algeria/ Biomonitoring/ Heavy metals/ Ozon
Abstract: Conventional monitoring of air pollution is subject to specific constraints that require the deployment of sophisticated and expensive techniques. These constraints have led Algeria to promote the use of living organisms in which the contaminants monitored are determined: biomonitoring. This paper presents the economic, political, educational and scientific use of biomonitoring based on practical applications such as: the use of lichen bioindication in monitoring forest decline, or the study of air pollution by heavy metals in urban areas. The development of biomonitoring programs is still needed to complete public health monitoring tools. These tools are biomonitoring, in fact, become essential to guide public policy on risk management on the environment.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84855388576&partnerID=40&md5=785f204d22ba974c1e50dcffaf4ab690
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Abstract: Saxicolous lichens of a coastal barren were surveyed in Nova Scotia, Canada. Forty-three species were found, including Rhizocarpon suomiense, new to North America, and five other species new to the province. The response of saxicolous lichens to the maritime influence was assessed along transects perpendicular to the shoreline, as well as on three faces of the boulders: facing towards the coast, upwards, and away from the coast. Boulder face did not significantly affect lichen species richness; however, cover significantly increased from front to top to back faces. Lichen species richness and cover increased significantly with increasing distance from the shoreline. The ecology of selected species with respect to the maritime gradient is discussed.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.018.0405
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Abstract: In this study the cardiovascular protective antioxidative and antimicrobial properties of natural thallus of lichen Usnea complanata has been reported. Ethyl acetate extract showed maximum HMGCoA reductase inhibitory activity up to 52.87% at 200 μg/ml. Ethanol extract at same concentration showed 46.37% inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme. Maximum fibrinolytic activity was obtained in ethanol extract followed by hexane extract. Ethanol extract of U. complanata showed antioxidative activity as scavenging of nitric oxide radical, free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition with an IC50 value ranging from 0.062 to 0.27 μg/ml, which was lower than the other solvent extracts. All extract with the exception of DMSO and hexane showed inhibitory activity against bacteria and fungi. Ethyl acetate extract was found to be most efficient as MIC90 was found in the range 4.61 - 21.55 μg/ml. Acetone and ethyl acetate extract inhibited all the tested fungi with MIC values ranged from 6.25 to 100 μg/ml and 12.5 to 100 μg/ml, respectively. Cardiovascular protective and antioxidative properties were shown strong correlation with the total polyphenol content present in the extract with R2 value ranging from 0.585 to 0.927.
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Keywords: abundance/ acetylene/ alpine environment/ bacterium/ fixation/ fractionation/ isotopic analysis/ lichen/ nitrogen isotope/ soil temperature/ Caucasus
Abstract: The symbiotic fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by leguminous plants in the alpine community of a lichen heath at the Teberda State Biosphere Reserve is well adapted to low soil temperature characteristic for the altitude of 2800 m a. s. l. For the determination of the N fixation by isotopic methods (the method of the natural 15N abundance and the method of isotopic 15N dilution), Trifolium polyphyllum was taken as the control plant. This plant was used as it does not form symbiosis with the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the highlands of the Northern Caucasus Region. The contribution of the N fixation to the N nutrition of different leguminous plant species as determined by the natural 15N abundance method amounted to 28-73% at ?15N0 = 0‰ and 46-117% at ?15N0 = -1‰; for the determination of the N fixation by the method of the isotopic label's dilution, it was 34-97%. The best correlation of the results obtained by these two isotopic methods was observed for the natural fractionation of the N isotopes in the course of the N fixation in the range of -0. 5 to -0. 7‰. The determination of the nitrogenase activity of the roots by the acetylene method confirmed the absence of N fixation in T. polyphyllum and its different contribution to the N nutrition of different species of leguminous plants. © 2011 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1064229311100097
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Abstract: The descriptions and localities of new to Russia lichen species Collema nepalense and C. substipitatum are reported.
Countries/Continents: Asia/Russia
Notes: In Russian with English abstract.
URL: https://www.binran.ru/en/publications/novosti-sistematiki-nizshyh-rastenij/1946/9796/
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Notes: New species: Punctelia nashii Marcelli & Canêz, Bulbothrix thomasiana Benatti & Marcelli, Canoparmelia nashii Jungbluth & Marcelli and C. pseudoecaperata Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix; new combination: Parmotrema herrei (Zahlbr.) Spielmann & Marcelli
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Notes: New species: Parmotrema conidioarcuatum Marcelli, Benatti & Elix, and Parmotrema pycnidiocarpum Benatti, Marcelli, & Elix.
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Abstract: In Spanish with English abstract.
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Abstract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity of the acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of the lichens Lecanora atra, Parmelia reticulata, Parmelia oomphalodes and salazinic acid from Parmelia reticulata lichen were explored in vitro against six species of bacteria and eight species of fungi. The antimicrobal activity was estimated by the disc-difusion method and determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the Broth tube dilution method. The aqueous extracts of all of the tested lichens were inactive, whereas the acetone and methanol extracts showed antimicrobial activity against the majority of the tested organisms. Among the extracts, the strongest activity was found in the acetone extract of the lichen Parmelia omphalodes where the least measured MIC value was 0.78 mg/ml. Salazinic acid also showed strong activity against bacteria and fungi. The lowest measured MIC value was 0.39 mg/mL related to the Klebsiella pneumonie species. The bacteria were more sensitive related to the tested fungi. Generally, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus mycoides were the most sensitive of the tested bacterial species while Botrytis cinerea and Candida albicans were the most sensitive fungal species. There was no antimicrobial activity against Escerichia coli species. The results obtained show that the tested lichen and their compound demostrated a strong antimicrobal effect against the tested microorganisms.
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Keywords: Cyanolichens/ Forest management/ Life-history traits/ Mediterranean forest/ Trentepohlia/ Water-energy dynamics
Abstract: Lichens are composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic association of a fungus with a photosynthetic partner. Although the photobiont type is a key life-history trait, tests of the potential differential role of the main photobiont types in shaping large-scale patterns of lichen species richness are still absent. The aim of the study was to test the influences of forest structure and climate on epiphytic lichen species richness across Italy and to see whether these relationships change for groups of species sharing different photobiont types. Regional species richness of epiphytic lichens divided into three main photobiont types (i.e. chlorococcoid green algae, cyanobacteria, and Trentepohlia algae) was retrieved for each of the 20 administrative regions. Multiple linear regression was used to quantify the effect of climate and forest structure, and their potential interaction, on the regional species richness for the three photobiont types, accounting also for the effect of regional area. Regional species richness was associated with both climate and forest structure variables but the relationships with both factors were largely photobiont dependent. Regional area and precipitation were the only predictors included in all the models, confirming the strong dependence of lichens on atmospheric water supply, irrespective of the photobiont type. Number of species with chlorococcoid green algae were further positively associated with cover of high forest, whilst lichens with Trentepohlia were further enhanced by warm temperatures. Cyanolichen species richness was only related to area and precipitation. Our study shed light on the relative importance of climate and forest structure on lichen species richness patterns at the macroscale, showing a differential response of the photobiont types to various environmental determinants. This differential response suggested that the current and future impacts of global change on lichens cannot be generalized and that species richness response will be likely dependent on the photobiont type. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79960691371&partnerID=40&md5=2f4c55ed5b3acfa55708228072cefb04
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Abstract: Epiphytic lichen biota on Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris in Estonia was studied. Twenty-one spruce and 21 pine sample plots were located in old forests with long forest continuity, and 12 spruce and 12 pine sample plots in young first-generation forests (<100 years). Altogether 103 lichen species were recorded on the 330 sampled trees. Lichen species richness per plot was significantly higher in old forests in case of both tree species; 31 lichen species, including red-listed and protected species, were found only in old forests. Tree age had a positive effect on lichen species richness on tree stem in old and young spruce forests and in young pine forests. Tree age also had an effect on the presence of several species. Both tree age and forest continuity affected lichen species composition. Arthonia leucopellaea, Chrysothrix spp. and Lecanactis abietina were found in at least every third old spruce or pine forest and in no young forests, and can be regarded as good indicators of old coniferous forests with long continuity in Estonia.
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Abstract: The results of the specific distribution of lichens sampled on 30 small Dodonaea viscosa L. trees located in a restinga area on the banks of Lagoa Negra in Itapuã State Park, Rio Grande do Sul, State are presented. The difference in species diversity among the habitats was proved through similarity tests. The twig was the habitat that has presented the greatest floristic differentiation and the branches were similar to the trunks. Lichen communities vary depending on habitat conditioned to the bark roughness, which changes according to the age of the substrate.
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Keywords: Lichens/ Phaeophyscia denigrata group/ Phaeophyscia poeltii/ Physciella/ morphology/ anatomy/ ascospores ontogeny/ distribution/ ecology/ taxonomy
Abstract: The foliose lichen Phaeophyscia poeltii (Frey) Nimis is reported for the first time from France, in the Pyrenees and the southern Alps. Morphology, anatomy, ecology and distribution are specified and commented. The necessity of a revision of the Phaeophyscia denigrata group, to which P. poeltii belongs, is underlined, and differences in the ascospore ontogeny between species of the genus Physcia and species of the genus Phaeophyscia are also highlighted.
Notes: In French with English abstract.
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Notes: In Polish with English summary.
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Keywords: PRIMEVAL FOREST/ LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI/ BIODIVERSITY
Abstract: Plectocarpon lichenum is reported for the first time from the Białowieża Primeval Forest. The species has been rediscovered in Poland after more than 100 years. A list of lichenicolous fungi from Białowieża Forest is presented.
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Countries/Continents: Poland
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Abstract: In 2009, during a survey focused on the species of the genus Rhizocarpon in KRAM-L, the species Rhizocarpon reductum Th. Fr. was identified. It is a very rare species in the Polish mountains, and here reported as new to the Beskid ?ywiecki Mts. © W.Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Science 2011 All Right Reservd.
Notes: In Polish with English abstract
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Countries/Continents: Poland
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Abstract: Rinodina australiensis is reported from Namibia. These are the first records outside Australia. The habitats are briefly described and frequently associated species are listed.
Countries/Continents: Africa/Namibia
URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.13158/heia.24.1.2011.53?journalCode=heia
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Keywords: community structure/ Tazovskaya Lowland/ testate amoebae/ Western Siberia
Abstract: The species composition and community structure of soil-inhabiting testate amoebae communities have been studied in biotopes of different types in the southern tundra and forest-tundra of the Tazovskaya Lowland, Western Siberia. A total of 93 species and forms have been identified. It has been found that the species richness of testate amoebae is much lower in dry than in moist biotopes due to a lower level of beta-diversity, with alpha diversity being the same (on average, 16.9 and 17.1 species per sample, respectively). Factors acting at the microbiotope level (biotope type and moisture) play the most important role in the formation of species richness; biotope features (soils and vegetation) are second in importance. In moist habitats, local communities of testate amoebae from different microbiotopes (mosses, lichens, or litter) are fairly similar in species structure, and communities from different moist biotopes are heterogeneous. In dry areas, the opposite situation is observed: local communities differ at the microbiotope level but are similar at the biotope level. The abundance of testate amoebae in moist biotopes reaches 200 × 103 ind./g dry soil, being an order of magnitude lower in dry biotopes. © 2011 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.
Notes: Testate amoebae from within the lichen microbiome are studied.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-82055169546&partnerID=40&md5=beee1108c39a53fbd92a814d60b135c2
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Abstract: Hypogymnia imshaugii is one of the most common, conspicuous and morphologically variable epiphytic lichens of the Pacific coastal states and provinces. The species varies greatly in morphology and chemistry, suggesting multiple closely related species or one or more phenotypically plastic species. We sought to determine whether additional ecologically meaningful species might be present within the H. imshaugii complex. Improving our species concepts could potentially improve ecological inferences based on community sampling. Three relatively well-defined genetic groups and one residual group in the H. imshaugii complex were detected with haplotype networks based on the ITS locus; however, phylogenetic reconstructions on combined ITS, mtSSU, GPD1 and TEF1 loci did not reflect this pattern. At present, we have insufficient evidence to support defining any of these groups as new taxa. The four major chemotypes in H. imshaugii differed in frequency among the genetic groups. None of the genetic groups was, however, qualitatively uniform in chemotype. Only one chemotype occurred in a single genetic group, but several chemotypes occurred in that group. While broadly sympatric, each chemotype had a distinct geographic distribution, and each chemotype showed its own relationship to climate, as shown by regression of occurrences of chemotypes against climatic variables. The genetic variation detected within H. imshaugii did not correspond to geographic variation in morphology, chemistry, or climate. Within the broader H. imshaugii complex, we recommend treating H. amplexa as a synonym of H. imshaugii unless it can be more distinctly separated from the clinal variation in morphology, chemistry, or DNA sequences. In contrast to H. amplexa, however, H. inactiva and H. gracilis are both easily separated morphologically from H. imshaugii and do not intergrade with it.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-114.3.526
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Keywords: Lecanorales, lichenized ascomycetes, lichenized fungi, Yunnan Province
Abstract: Hypogymnia irregularis is newly described from southwest China, Nepal, Japan, and Taiwan. Similar in growth form to H. vittata, H. irregularis differs in always lacking soredia and having staggered, lateral, or almost randomly located perforations in the lower surface. In contrast, H. vittata usually produces soredia and has perforations more centered in the lower surface and axils. Hypogymnia vittata is known from Asia, North America, Central America, and Europe, while H. irregularis is endemic to Asia. Hypogymnia irregularis is postulated as being the fertile species that is the closest living relative to the sorediate H. vittata. Another Asian species, H. stricta, can be similar in appearance to H. irregularis and H. vittata, but can be differentiated both morphologically and chemically from those two.
Genera/Families: Parmeliaceae / Hypogymnia
Countries/Continents: China, Nepal, Japan, Taiwan
Notes: New species: Hypogymnia irregularis McCune
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Abstract: Lichens are an important winter food source for woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), but quantifying their abundance is difficult. Here, we present an efficient method for assessing lichen biomass at the stand level in boreal forests. We measured lichens occurring in high enough abundance to serve as a winter food source for woodland caribou in 51 boreal forest stands. Samples of each species or genus were collected from each stand and a mean abundance (cover) to biomass ratio was established. The method does not require samples to be collected or weighed, due to this predetermined relationship, and it also accounts for the variation in biomass among lichen species that are equally abundant. The variation in lichen growth between stands was assessed by means of five lichen abundance classes. The proposed method was tested in 34 stands with a wide range of ages and stem densities. The average time to complete a lichen biomass assessment was approximately 2 h. This method is an efficient and accurate tool that can assist forest managers and researchers with ecological studies on lichens or with monitoring changes in lichen biomass over time and with habitat assessments for organisms for which lichens are important, such as woodland caribou.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80055036829&partnerID=40&md5=bdfeb4b1fa519bd08cc8132e50ef52f3
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Keywords: FOREST ECOLOGY/ SILVICULTURE/ SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT/ BOREAL FOREST/ LICHEN
Abstract: Two commonly used silvicultural herbicides (triclopyr and glyphosate) were examined for their effects on lichens in northeastern Ontario. One hundred 1 m2 plots were randomly established throughout a single, open canopy forest stand with tree cover dominated by Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana and ground cover dominated by lichens. Herbicides were applied to the plots along a gradient of concentrations ranging from 0.71 to 6.72 kg acid equivalent ha%021. The pre- and 1 year post-application abundance (percent cover) of 25 lichen species in 1 m2 plots were compared. Triclopyr and glyphosate reduced the abundance of 40% and 56% of the lichen species studied, respectively. Tolerance to these herbicides varied among lichen species and a cluster analysis was used to define four tolerance classes. Analysis of variance was used to compare lichen abundance among the tolerance classes and multivariate analysis (canonical correspondence) was used to explore variation in lichen abundance as constrained by species traits postherbicide application. Except for Trapeliopsis granulosa, the most herbicide sensitive species were richly branched. The species with the highest mortality were Bryoria furcellata, Cladonia uncialis, and T. granulosa. In general, lichen response to herbicide treatments cannot be assessed using ecological units; species must be considered individually or, as proposed here, by tolerance class. Study results provide forest managers with improved understanding of the effects of herbicide applications on non-target organisms.
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Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the distribution of Lepraria lichen species in dry deciduous forests, in relation to tree substratum and forest characteristics. In total, 34 localities with 1020 trees (13 tree species) were studied in different parts of Latvia. Lepraria spp. were found on 642 trees: L. eburnea on 8 trees, L. incana on 80 trees, and L. lobificans on 568 trees. Lepraria eburnea was recorded for the first time in Latvia. Tree species, tree bark crevice depth, inclination, pH and forest type were the most important variables explaining the presence of Lepraria species. Lepraria incana was associated with Quercus robur and Tilia cordata, while L. lobificans was associated with Betula pendula. The occurrence probability of L. lobificans increased with tree inclination and tree bark pH, and that of L. incana with bark crevice depth and tree bark pH.
Countries/Continents: Latvia/Europe
URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23728114
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Countries/Continents: Germany
Notes: In German.
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Keywords: Atranorin/ anti-inflamatory activity/ Atranorin/ toxicity/ Cladina kalbii/ pharmacognosy/ Medicinal plants
Abstract: Atranorin (ATR) is the main compound from the lichen Cladina kalbii Ahti, which grows in the arid regions of northeastern Brazil. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and toxicological properties of ATR. To evaluate anti-inflammatory properties, paw edema was induced by injecting 0.1 mL of carrageenan into the subplantar region of the right hind paw of rats, and leukocyte migration was induced by injection of 500 ?L of carrageenan into the peritoneal cavity of mice. In addition, we determined ATR cytotoxicity in L929 cells by MTT assay and acute (5 g/kg-single dose) and subchronic (50 mg/kg- 30 days) toxicity tests in Wistar rats. The results showed that ATR (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity (paw edema and leukocyte migration). In the acute toxicity test, the animals showed hypoactivity and lethargy during the initial period (first 6 hours) and increase in total protein, total and indirect bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase after 14 days in ATR-treated male rats. The subchronic toxicity test revealed increases in total protein, globulin, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total and direct bilirubin in ATR-treated female rats. Histological analysis revealed no changes in the architecture and morphology of the organs. These results suggest that ATR has significant anti-inflammatory activity, with no significant acute and subchronic toxicity or cytotoxicity.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502011000400024
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Abstract: Patterns in the natural abundance of nitrogen (N) isotopes (15N and 14N) can help in the understanding of ecosystem processes along environmental gradients, because some processes fractionate against the heavier isotope. We measured δ15N in many components of the Franz Josef soil chronosequence in New Zealand to see how each component varied along the sequence and within sites, and to see what this variation can tell us about how ecosystem processes such as N losses change with soil age. We analyzed δ15N in foliage from 18 woody species, abscised leaves from seven woody species, three soil horizons, bryophytes, lichens, bulk deposition, and nodules from the N-fixing tree Coriaria arborea (Coriariaceae). Foliar δ15N varied significantly across plant species. Foliage and bulk litter became 15N-depleted as soil age increased. Soil N from organic and mineral horizons was significantly more 15N-enriched than bulk litter N at each site. Increasing precipitation also decreased foliar and soil δ15N. Comparing input and whole ecosystem δ15N revealed limited evidence for net fractionation during N losses. These trends are consistent with some combination of increasing fractionation during plant N uptake, mycorrhizal transfer, within-plant processing, and soil decomposition as soils age.
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Abstract: Human activity is drastically altering global nitrogen (N) availability. The extent to which ecosystems absorb additional N-and with it, additional CO2-depends on whether net primary production (NPP) is N-limited, so it is important to understand conditions under which N can limit NPP. Here I use a general dynamical model to show that N limitation at steady-state-such as in old-growth forests-depends on the balance of biotically controllable versus uncontrollable N inputs and losses. Steady-state N limitation is only possible when uncontrollable inputs (for example, atmospheric deposition) exceed controllable losses (for example, leaching of plant-available soil N), which is the same as when uncontrollable losses (for example, leaching of plant-unavailable soil N) exceed controllable inputs (biological N fixation). These basic results are robust to many model details, such as the number of plant-unavailable soil N pools and the number and type of N fixers. Empirical data from old-growth tropical (Hawai'i) and temperate (Oregon, Washington, Chile) forests support the model insights. Practically, this means that any N fixer-symbiotic or not-could overcome ecosystem N limitation, so understanding N limitation requires understanding controls on all N fixers. Further, comparing losses of plant-available N to abiotic inputs could offer a rapid diagnosis of whether ecosystems can be N-limited, although the applicability of this result is constrained to ecosystems with a steady-state N cycle such as old-growth forests largely devoid of disturbance.
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Genera/Families: Sticta
Notes: In Spanish with English abstract.
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URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/079.028.0401
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Abstract: Shock recovery experiments were performed with an explosive set-up in which three types of microorganisms embedded in various types of host rocks were exposed to strong shock waves with pressure pulse lengths of lower than 0.5μs: spores of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, Xanthoria elegans lichens, and cells of the cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis sp. 029. In these experiments, three fundamental parameters were systematically varied (1) shock pressures ranging from 5 to 50GPa, (2) preshock ambient temperature of 293, 233 and 193K, and (3) the type of host rock, including nonporous igneous rocks (gabbro and dunite as analogs for the Martian shergottites and chassignites, respectively), porous sandstone, rock salt (halite), and a clay-rich mineral mixture as porous analogs for dry and water-saturated Martian regolith. The results show that the three parameters have a strong influence on the survival rates of the microorganisms. The most favorable conditions for the impact ejection from Mars for microorganisms would be (1) low porosity host rocks, (2) pressures <10-20GPa, and (3) low ambient temperature of target rocks during impact. All tested microorganisms were capable of surviving to a certain extent impact ejection in different geological materials under distinct conditions.
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Abstract: [Twenty-eight water bear species were found in moss, lichens, liverworts and leaf litter.] Samples of moss, lichens, liverworts and leaf litter collected in the Lower and Upper Peninsulas of the state of Michigan, USA, contained 28 species of water bears (phylum Tardigrada). Eighteen species were considered cosmopolitan, widely distributed in several biogeographical regions. One species, Minibiotus jonesorum sp. n., is described and illustrated. This new species is characterized by having ten transverse bands of polygonal pores that increase in size from anterior to posterior, three macroplacoids that increase in size from anterior to posterior and by lacking a microplacoid or leg granulation. The medial and posterior pores of M. jonesorum sp. n. are polygonal and much larger than the trefoil pores of M. furcatus, the most similar species in the genus.
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Abstract: [Six species of terrestrial tardigrades were collected from moss, lichen and leaf litter.] Terrestrial tardigrades were collected from moss, lichen and leaf litter from Grand Cayman in the Cayman Islands, West Indies. Six species were found. Milnesium tardigradum Doyère, 1840, Minibiotus intermedius (Plate, 1889), Paramacro-biotus areolatus (Murray, 1907) and P. richtersi (Murray, 1911) have been reported previously from other islands in the Caribbean Sea. Two species on Grand Cayman were new to science. Doryphoribius tessellatus sp. n. belongs to the 'evelinae-group', with two macroplacoids and cuticular gibbosities. In having two pairs of posterior gibbosities and cuticular depressions forming a reticular design, it is most similar to Doryphoribius quadrituberculatus Kaczmarek & Michalczyk, 2004 from Costa Rica. It differs from D. quadrituberculatus in its gibbosity sequence (III:4:2:2), the number of teeth, size of macroplacoids and details of the reticular design on the dorsal cuticle. Macrobiotus caymanensis sp. n. belongs to the 'polyopus-group' of species. It differs from other species of the group in having a shorter buccal tube, a more posterior stylet support insertion point and fewer, larger egg processes.
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Abstract: Tardigrada (water bear) is a phylum of microscopic animals commonly found in mosses, lichens, leaf litter, and freshwater. Over 200 species of water bear are known to occur in North America; 99 species have been reported from northeastern North America. In lichen and leaf-litter samples from Bar Harbor, Hancock County, ME (a state for which only one species of tardigrade, Thulinius augusti, has hitherto been reported), eleven species of water bear were present: Echiniscus merokensis, Milnesium tardigradum, Ramazzottius baumanni, R. oberhaeuseri, Diphascon (Diphascon) nodulosum, D. (Adropion) prorsirostre, Astatumen trinacriae, Macrobiotus harmsworthi, Macrobiotus hufelandi, Minibiotus furcatus, and Minibiotus intermedius. All have previously been reported from other states and provinces in northeastern North America, but are new records for Maine.
Notes: Tardigrades are common inhabitants of lichens.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.018.0411
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Abstract: Effect of some pollutants on the lichen Hypogymnia physodes is investigated. It is established experimentally that the greatest changes in the chemical composition of the lichen are caused by short-term exposure to 32 and 65% nitric acid and long-term exposure (14-21 days) to low concentrations (3 and 6%) of sulfuric acid.
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Keywords: ammonia/ ammonium nitrate/ ammonium sulfate/ biomonitoring/ FTIR spectroscopy/ Hypogymnia physodes/ pig-breeding complex/ pollutant/ pollution
Abstract: Changes in the chemical composition of lichens exposed to pollutants are investigated by means of FTIR spectroscopy. According to model experiments, alkyl nitrates, ammonium salts, amines, and sulfones develop in the lichen thallus through the action of ammonia and nitric and sulfuric acids. Spectroscopic data of modeling experiments enabled nitrogen- and sulfur-containing substances to be identified as the main air pollutants in the vicinity of a pig-breeding complex and information to be obtained on the content of the pollutants and their impact on the lichens. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10812-011-9522-x
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Abstract: We inferred phylogenetic relationships using Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches for two genera of lichenized fungi, Hypogymnia and Cavernularia (Parmeliaceae). Based on the combined ITS and GPD1 dataset from 23 species (49 specimens) of Hypogymnia and two species (8 specimens) of Cavernularia, we conclude that Hypogymnia is paraphyletic, and that it should include Cavernularia to retain its monophyly. Hypogymnia hultenii (?=? Cavernularia hultenii) and H. lophyrea (?=? C. lophyrea) are accepted here. Five species of Hypogymnia represented by more than a single individual were found to be monophyletic and significantly supported. The phylogeny reflects a statistically significant biogeographic pattern where continental-scale endemic taxa tend to occur within the same phylogenetic group. Sorediate taxa, which have worldwide or broader geographical ranges than affiliated species lacking soredia, are spread across the phylogenetic tree. Hypogymnia contains three species pairs: H. krogiae and the sorediate counterpart H. incurvoides, H. minilobata and the sorediate H. mollis, and H. lophyrea and the sorediate H. hultenii. In the case of H. minilobata, both members of the pair are restricted to a small area in southern California. In the other two cases, the fertile counterpart occurs only in North America, while the sorediate species occurs in both North America and Fennoscandia. This suggests but not proves an origin of each species pair in North America, with migration of the sorediate member to Fennoscandia following the prevailing wind direction.
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