Abstract: [New species: Lecanora hafelliana L. Lü, Y. Joshi & Hur and L. loekoesii Y. Joshi, L. Lü & Hur] Two new species, Lecanora hafelliana L. Lü, Y. Joshi & Hur and L. loekoesii Y. Joshi, L. Lü & Hur, are described as new to science from South Korea and eight species, L. campestris (Schaer.) Hue, L. cenisia Ach., L. nipponica H. Miyaw., L. perplexa Brodo, L. plumosa Müll. Arg., L. polytropa (Hoffm.) Rabenh., L. subrugosa Nyl. and L. sulcata (Hue) H. Miyaw., are recorded from South Korea for the first time. Lecanora hafelliana is characterized by the presence of hafellic acid, which is reported for the first time in this genus, while L. loekoesii is characterized by multispored asci and a thallus containing norstictic acid.
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Abstract: Two new species, Lecanora hafelliana L. Lü, Y. Joshi & Hur and L. loekoesii Y. Joshi, L. Lü & Hur, are described as new to science from South Korea and eight species, L. campestris (Schaer.) Hue, L. cenisia Ach., L. nipponica H. Miyaw., L. perplexa Brodo, L. plumosa Müll. Arg., L. polytropa (Hoffm.) Rabenh., L. subrugosa Nyl. and L. sulcata (Hue) H. Miyaw., are recorded from South Korea for the first time. Lecanora hafelliana is characterized by the presence of hafellic acid, which is reported for the first time in this genus, while L. loekoesii is characterized by multispored asci and a thallus containing norstictic acid.
Notes: New species: Lecanora hafelliana L. Lü, Y. Joshi & Hur and L. loekoesii Y. Joshi, L. Lü & Hur.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000144
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Abstract: Background: We present a novel method to encode ambiguously aligned regions in fixed multiple sequence alignments by 'Pairwise Identity and Cost Scores Ordination' (PICS-Ord). The method works via ordination of sequence identity or cost scores matrices by means of Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA). After identification of ambiguous regions, the method computes pairwise distances as sequence identities or cost scores, ordinates the resulting distance matrix by means of PCoA, and encodes the principal coordinates as ordered integers. Three biological and 100 simulated datasets were used to assess the performance of the new method. Results: Including ambiguous regions coded by means of PICS-Ord increased topological accuracy, resolution, and bootstrap support in real biological and simulated datasets compared to the alternative of excluding such regions from the analysis a priori. In terms of accuracy, PICS-Ord performs equal to or better than previously available methods of ambiguous region coding (e.g., INAASE), with the advantage of a practically unlimited alignment size and increased analytical speed and the possibility of PICS-Ord scores to be analyzed together with DNA data in a partitioned maximum likelihood model. Conclusions: Advantages of PICS-Ord over step matrix-based ambiguous region coding with INAASE include a practically unlimited number of OTUs and seamless integration of PICS-Ord codes into phylogenetic datasets, as well as the increased speed of phylogenetic analysis. Contrary to word- and frequency-based methods, PICS-Ord maintains the advantage of pairwise sequence alignment to derive distances, and the method is flexible with respect to the calculation of distance scores. In addition to distance and maximum parsimony, PICS-Ord codes can be analyzed in a Bayesian or maximum likelihood framework. RAxML (version 7.2.6 or higher that was developed for this study) allows up to 32-state ordered or unordered characters. A GTR, MK, or ORDERED model can be applied to analyse the PICS-Ord codes partition, with GTR performing slightly better than MK and ORDERED. Availability: An implementation of the PICS-Ord algorithm is available from http://scit.us/projects/ngila/wiki/PICS-Ord webcite. It requires both the statistical software, R http://www.r-project.org and the alignment software Ngila http://scit.us/projects/ngila .
Notes: Sequence data from Graphidaceae and Physciaceae, in addition to simulated data, were analyzed to assess the new methodology.
URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/12/10
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Notes: New genus: Trinathotrema Lücking, Rivas Plata & Mangold; new combinations: Trinathotrema lumbricoides (Sipman) Sipman & Aptroot and T. stictideum (Nyl.) Lücking, Miranda & Kalb
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Keywords: Ascomycota; lichens; new species; biodiversity; biogeography; Florida
Abstract: Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park is located in Collier County at the extreme southwestern corner of Florida, close to Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve. The 18th Tuckerman Workshop, an annual gathering of professional and amateur lichenologists and mycologists from the United States and Canada, this time with additional participants from Puerto Rico, Peru, and Austria, was held at this locality from March 1–7, 2009. Lichens were collected over a five day span from four sites within the Preserve. Together with previously made collections, the survey produced a total of 432 taxa, 18 of which are new to science and 89 are additions to the North America checklist, six of which are also new to the New World. The new species are: Calopadia floridana Hodges & Lücking, Calopadia imshaugii Common & Lücking, Cryptothecia miniata Vain. ex Lücking, Diorygma microsporum M. Cáceres & Lücking (formally described in a separate paper), Fissurina aggregatula Common & Lücking, Fissurina analphabetica Common & Lücking, Fissurina confusa Common & Lücking, Fissurina inspersa Common & Lücking, Fissurina pseudostromatica Lücking & Rivas Plata, Fissurina subcomparimuralis Common & Lücking (formally described in a separate paper), Fissurina tuckermaniana Common & Lücking, Fissurina varieseptata Common & Lücking, Graphis appendiculata Common & Lücking, Halegrapha floridana Common & Lücking (formally described in a separate paper), Heiomasia seaveyorum M. P. Nelsen & Lücking (formally described in a separate paper), Phaeographis delicatula Common & Lücking, Tapellaria floridensis Common & Lücking, and Tapellaria granulosa Lücking & Rivas Plata. Further, the following three new combinations are proposed: Chapsa platycarpoides (Tuck.) Breuss & Lücking, Fissurina intercludens (Nyl.) Lücking & Rivas Plata, and Fissurina mexicana (Zahlbr.) Lücking & Rivas Plata. Six species are for the first time reported for the New World: Arthonia interveniens Nyl., Arthonia simplicascens Nyl., Chapsa subpatens (Hale) Mangold, Fissurina crassilabra Mont. & Bosch, Stirtonia dubia A. L. Sm., and Stirtonia macrocarpa Makhija & Patw. Further 83 species are additions to the North American lichen checklist: Amandinea endachroa (Malme) Marbach, Anisomeridium subnexum (Nyl.) R. C. Harris, Arthonia antillarum (Fée) Nyl., Aspidothelium cinerascens Vain., Aspidothelium geminiparum (Malme) R. Sant., Aspidothelium scutellicarpum Lücking, Astrothelium diplocarpoides Müll. Arg., Byssoloma chlorinum (Vain.) Zahlbr., Calopadia editae Vĕzda ex Chaves & Lücking, Calopadia lecanorella (Nyl.) Kalb & Vězda, Calopadia perpallida (Nyl.) Vězda, Calopadia subcoerulescens (Zahlbr.) Vězda, Chapsa chionostoma (Nyl.) Rivas Plata & Mangold, Chapsa platycarpoides (Tuck.) Breuss & Lücking, Coenogonium congense C. W. Dodge, Coenogonium geralense (P. Henn) Lücking, Coenogonium luteocitrinum Rivas Plata, Lücking & Umaña., Coenogonium subdentatum (Vězda & G. Thor) Rivas Plata, Lücking, Umana & Chaves., Coenogonium subfallaciosum (Vězda & Farkas) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman., Coniarthonia wilmsiana (Müll. Arg.) Grube, Cryptolechia nana (Tuck.) D. Hawksw. & Dibben, Cryptothecia effusa (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant., Cryptothecia punctosorediata Sparrius., Dictyonema phyllogenum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Dictyonema sericeum f. phyllophilum Parm., Echinoplaca leucotrichoides (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant., Eugeniella leucocheila (Tuck.) Lücking, Sérus. & Kalb, Fissurina cingalina (Nyl.) Staiger, Fissurina egena (Nyl.) Nyl., Fissurina mexicana (Zahlbr.) Lücking & Rivas Plata, Fissurina radiata Mont., Fissurina tachygrapha (Nyl.) Staiger, Glyphis atrofusca (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, Graphis argentata Lücking & Umaña., Graphis assimilis Nyl., Graphis caesiocarpa Redinger, Graphis caribica Lücking, Graphis conferta Zenker., Graphis cupei Vain. ex Lücking, Graphis disserpens Nyl., Graphis handelii Zahlbr., Graphis longula Kremp., Graphis oshioi M. Nakan., Graphis pseudocinerea Lücking, Graphis sauroidea Leight., Graphis stellata M. Cáceres & Lücking, Graphis subflexibilis Lücking & Chaves., Graphis xanthospora Müll. Arg., Gyalectidium ulloae Herrera-Campos & Lücking, Lücking & G. Thor, Herpothallon echinatum Aptroot, Lücking & Will-Wolf., Lecanora achroa Nyl., Lecanora elapheia Stizenb., Leucodecton compunctellum (Nyl.) A. Frisch., Malmidea fuscella (Müll. Arg.) Kalb & Lücking, Malmidea gyalectoides (Vain.) Kalb & Lücking, Malmidea leptoloma (Müll. Arg.) Kalb & Lücking, Malmidea piperis (Spreng.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch, Malmidea rhodopis (Tuck.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch, Malmidea variabilis Kalb, Malmidea vinosa (Eschw.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch, Myriotrema pycnoporellum (Nyl.) Hale, Ocellularia auberianoides (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Ocellularia obturascens (Nyl.) Hale, Pertusaria paratuberculifera Dibben, Phaeographis flavescens Dal Forno & Eliasaro., Phaeographis inconspicua (Fée) Müll. Arg., Phaeographis leiogrammodes (Kremp.) Müll. Arg., Phaeographis major (Kremp.) Lücking, Phaeographis nylanderi (Vain.) Zahlbr., Phaeographis scalpturata (Ach.) Staiger, Phaeographis schizoloma (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., Phyllopsora lacerata Timdal, Pseudopyrenula subgregaria Müll. Arg., Pseudopyrenula subnudata Müll. Arg., Psoroglaena costaricensis Henssen, Pyrenula brunnea Fée, Pyrenula sexlocularis (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Sporopodium marginatum Lücking & Lumbsch, Strigula orbicularis Fr., Strigula schizospora R. Sant., Tapellaria albomarginata Lücking, Tapellaria malmei R. Sant., and Thelotrema pachysporum Nyl. The high number of species found within a relatively small area, which corresponds to almost 10% of all lichens currently known in North America, is put into perspective by comparing it with other protected areas in the United States. It is explained by the high carrying capacity of (sub-)tropical vegetation for epiphytic and particularly crustose lichens. Keytables and image plates are presented to facilitate the identification of species in larger crustose genera.
New taxa: New species: Calopadia floridana Hodges & Lücking, Calopadia imshaugii Common & Lücking, Cryptothecia miniata Vain. ex Lücking, Fissurina aggregatula Common & Lücking, Fissurina analphabetica Common & Lücking, Fissurina confusa Common & Lücking, Fissurina inspersa Common & Lücking, Fissurina pseudostromatica Lücking & Rivas Plata, Fissurina tuckermaniana Common & Lücking, Fissurina varieseptata Common & Lücking, Graphis appendiculata Common & Lücking, Phaeographis delicatula Common & Lücking, Tapellaria floridensis Common & Lücking, and Tapellaria granulosa Lücking & Rivas Plata; new combinations: Chapsa platycarpoides (Tuck.) Breuss & Lücking, Fissurina intercludens (Nyl.) Lücking & Rivas Plata, and Fissurina mexicana (Zahlbr.) Lücking & Rivas Plata.
Notes: New species: Calopadia floridana Hodges & Lücking, Calopadia imshaugii Common & Lücking, Cryptothecia miniata Vain. ex Lücking, Fissurina aggregatula Common & Lücking, Fissurina analphabetica Common & Lücking, Fissurina confusa Common & Lücking, Fissurina inspersa Common & Lücking, Fissurina pseudostromatica Lücking & Rivas Plata, Fissurina tuckermaniana Common & Lücking, Fissurina varieseptata Common & Lücking, Graphis appendiculata Common & Lücking, Phaeographis delicatula Common & Lücking, Tapellaria floridensis Common & Lücking, and Tapellaria granulosa Lücking & Rivas Plata; new combinations: Chapsa platycarpoides (Tuck.) Breuss & Lücking, Fissurina intercludens (Nyl.) Lücking & Rivas Plata, and Fissurina mexicana (Zahlbr.) Lücking & Rivas Plata.
URL: http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/bulletin/vol49no4supplmats.htm
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Keywords: foliicolous/ Leptogium/ Philippines
Abstract: The new foliicolous lichen Coccocarpia melloniorum Lücking from the Philippines is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to C. epiphylla but differs in the formation of disc-shaped isidia and dark rhizines. The species was discovered as part of a type digitization project through the Global Plant Initiative (GPI), as part of a syntype collection of Leptogium phyllogenum f. subsinuatum Vain. © 2011 The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc.
Notes: New species: Coccocarpia melloniorum Lücking.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-114.4.702
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Abstract: The new genus Halegrapha is introduced, with six species (five new species and one new combination) from Australia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Kenya, Mexico, and the United States: H. chimaera Rivas Plata & Lücking (type species; Philippines), H. floridana Common & Lücking (United States: Florida), H. intergrapha Hale ex Lücking (Malaysia), H. kenyana Kalb & Lücking (Kenya), H. mexicana A. B. Peña & Lücking (Mexico), and H. mucronata (Stirt.) Lücking (Australia). The genus resembles Graphis morphologically in the strongly carbonized, black lirellae and white-grey thallus strongly encrusted with calcium oxalate crystals, but has a Phaeographis-type hymenium (clear in two species) and ascospores, making it a 'chimera' between the two genera. Molecular data suggest the genus to be closely related to Phaeographis and allies but genetically distinct from any of the genera currently recognized, including Platygramme.
Notes: New species: H. chimaera Rivas Plata & Lücking (type species), H. floridana Common & Lücking, H. intergrapha Hale ex Lücking, H. kenyana Kalb & Lücking, H. mexicana A. B. Peña & Lücking; new combination: H. mucronata (Stirt.) Lücking
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000302
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Abstract: A brief discussion of the Encyclopedia of Life and the LifeDesks websites as a means to assemble and publish species pages and taxonomic information on the internet, for both the scientific community and the public, is provided. The lichen family Parmeliaceae is the first large group of lichenized fungi for which a concerted effort is currently being undertaken to produce substantial content for the EOL.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000168
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Keywords: CANCER CELL/ CELL CYCLE/ CYTOTOXICITY/ LICHEN METABOLITES/ MEDICINE/ SECONDARY CHEMISTRY/ PARIETIN/ ATRANORIN/ USNIC ACID/ GYROPHORIC ACID
Abstract: [Tests on nine human cancer cell lines. "However, in comparison with parietin and gyrophoric acid, the suppression of viability and cell proliferation by usnic acid or atranorin was found to be more efficient at equitoxic doses and correlated more strongly with an increased number of floating cells or a higher apoptotic index. This study has confirmed a differential sensitivity of cancer cell lines to lichen secondary metabolites."]
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Keywords: ATRANORIN/ CYTOTOXICITY/ FREE RADICALS/ LICHEN METABOLITES/ OXIDATIVE STRESS
Abstract: [Discussion of the beneficial chemical properties of atranorin, the main compound found in Cladina kalbii.]
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Abstract: [These researchers have developed a protocol for classiying optical satellite images of Sweden into ground lichen cover classes, which is useful information for understanding reindeer grazing patterns.]
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Abstract: [In vitro antioxidant activity of some extracts of Ramalina capitata was studied; potential anti-ulcer and antioxidant activities were revealed.]
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Keywords: BOREAL FORESTS/ EPIPHYTES/ LICHEN SUBSTANCES/ LICHEN-FORMING FUNGI/ MOUNTAIN FORESTS/ TAIGA
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Keywords: ENDOPHAGY/ FOOD WEB/ LICHEN FEEDING/ MOSSES/ NICHE/ ORIBATID MITES/ STABLE ISOTOPES/ TROPHIC ECOLOGY/ TROPHIC LEVEL
Abstract: [These mites are more likely to feed on lichen than moss.]
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Abstract:
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Keywords: CROWN COVER/ DECIDUOUS FORESTS/ EPIPHYTIC LICHENS/ FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR/ GOTLAND/ QUERCUS ROBUR/ SPECIES COMPOSITION/ SPECIES RICHNESS/ SWEDEN
Abstract: [Study of epiphytic lichens on an island in the Baltic Sea found that "traditionally managed" wooded meadows supported the richest populations of red-listed lichens.]
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Abstract: [Data confirms new genus Vahliella's placement as the sister to a group consisting of Lobariaceae, Massalongiaceae, Nephromataceae and Peltigeraceae, in the Peltigerales.]//The recently described genus Vahliella (Peltigerales, Ascomycetes) has repeatedly appeared outside the Pannariaceae in molecular phylogenies. Here we include data from additional species of the genus and utilize mtSSU rDNA and RPB1 sequences to confirm its placement as the sister to a group consisting of Lobariaceae, Massalongiaceae, Nephromataceae and Peltigeraceae, in the Peltigerales. The new family Vahliellaceae Wedin, P. M. Jørg. & S. Ekman is described for the genus, and its morphological characteristics are briefly discussed.
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Abstract: [New genus is proposed based on molecular and morphological characters as well as analysis of secondary metabolites. Includes a key.]
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Keywords: Air pollution/ Algeria/ Biomonitoring/ Heavy metals/ Ozon
Abstract: Conventional monitoring of air pollution is subject to specific constraints that require the deployment of sophisticated and expensive techniques. These constraints have led Algeria to promote the use of living organisms in which the contaminants monitored are determined: biomonitoring. This paper presents the economic, political, educational and scientific use of biomonitoring based on practical applications such as: the use of lichen bioindication in monitoring forest decline, or the study of air pollution by heavy metals in urban areas. The development of biomonitoring programs is still needed to complete public health monitoring tools. These tools are biomonitoring, in fact, become essential to guide public policy on risk management on the environment.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84855388576&partnerID=40&md5=785f204d22ba974c1e50dcffaf4ab690
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Abstract: Saxicolous lichens of a coastal barren were surveyed in Nova Scotia, Canada. Forty-three species were found, including Rhizocarpon suomiense, new to North America, and five other species new to the province. The response of saxicolous lichens to the maritime influence was assessed along transects perpendicular to the shoreline, as well as on three faces of the boulders: facing towards the coast, upwards, and away from the coast. Boulder face did not significantly affect lichen species richness; however, cover significantly increased from front to top to back faces. Lichen species richness and cover increased significantly with increasing distance from the shoreline. The ecology of selected species with respect to the maritime gradient is discussed.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.018.0405
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Abstract: In this study the cardiovascular protective antioxidative and antimicrobial properties of natural thallus of lichen Usnea complanata has been reported. Ethyl acetate extract showed maximum HMGCoA reductase inhibitory activity up to 52.87% at 200 μg/ml. Ethanol extract at same concentration showed 46.37% inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme. Maximum fibrinolytic activity was obtained in ethanol extract followed by hexane extract. Ethanol extract of U. complanata showed antioxidative activity as scavenging of nitric oxide radical, free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition with an IC50 value ranging from 0.062 to 0.27 μg/ml, which was lower than the other solvent extracts. All extract with the exception of DMSO and hexane showed inhibitory activity against bacteria and fungi. Ethyl acetate extract was found to be most efficient as MIC90 was found in the range 4.61 - 21.55 μg/ml. Acetone and ethyl acetate extract inhibited all the tested fungi with MIC values ranged from 6.25 to 100 μg/ml and 12.5 to 100 μg/ml, respectively. Cardiovascular protective and antioxidative properties were shown strong correlation with the total polyphenol content present in the extract with R2 value ranging from 0.585 to 0.927.
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Keywords: abundance/ acetylene/ alpine environment/ bacterium/ fixation/ fractionation/ isotopic analysis/ lichen/ nitrogen isotope/ soil temperature/ Caucasus
Abstract: The symbiotic fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by leguminous plants in the alpine community of a lichen heath at the Teberda State Biosphere Reserve is well adapted to low soil temperature characteristic for the altitude of 2800 m a. s. l. For the determination of the N fixation by isotopic methods (the method of the natural 15N abundance and the method of isotopic 15N dilution), Trifolium polyphyllum was taken as the control plant. This plant was used as it does not form symbiosis with the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the highlands of the Northern Caucasus Region. The contribution of the N fixation to the N nutrition of different leguminous plant species as determined by the natural 15N abundance method amounted to 28-73% at ?15N0 = 0‰ and 46-117% at ?15N0 = -1‰; for the determination of the N fixation by the method of the isotopic label's dilution, it was 34-97%. The best correlation of the results obtained by these two isotopic methods was observed for the natural fractionation of the N isotopes in the course of the N fixation in the range of -0. 5 to -0. 7‰. The determination of the nitrogenase activity of the roots by the acetylene method confirmed the absence of N fixation in T. polyphyllum and its different contribution to the N nutrition of different species of leguminous plants. © 2011 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1064229311100097
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Abstract: The descriptions and localities of new to Russia lichen species Collema nepalense and C. substipitatum are reported.
Countries/Continents: Asia/Russia
Notes: In Russian with English abstract.
URL: https://www.binran.ru/en/publications/novosti-sistematiki-nizshyh-rastenij/1946/9796/
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Notes: New species: Punctelia nashii Marcelli & Canêz, Bulbothrix thomasiana Benatti & Marcelli, Canoparmelia nashii Jungbluth & Marcelli and C. pseudoecaperata Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix; new combination: Parmotrema herrei (Zahlbr.) Spielmann & Marcelli
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Notes: New species: Parmotrema conidioarcuatum Marcelli, Benatti & Elix, and Parmotrema pycnidiocarpum Benatti, Marcelli, & Elix.
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Abstract: In Spanish with English abstract.
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Abstract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity of the acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of the lichens Lecanora atra, Parmelia reticulata, Parmelia oomphalodes and salazinic acid from Parmelia reticulata lichen were explored in vitro against six species of bacteria and eight species of fungi. The antimicrobal activity was estimated by the disc-difusion method and determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the Broth tube dilution method. The aqueous extracts of all of the tested lichens were inactive, whereas the acetone and methanol extracts showed antimicrobial activity against the majority of the tested organisms. Among the extracts, the strongest activity was found in the acetone extract of the lichen Parmelia omphalodes where the least measured MIC value was 0.78 mg/ml. Salazinic acid also showed strong activity against bacteria and fungi. The lowest measured MIC value was 0.39 mg/mL related to the Klebsiella pneumonie species. The bacteria were more sensitive related to the tested fungi. Generally, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus mycoides were the most sensitive of the tested bacterial species while Botrytis cinerea and Candida albicans were the most sensitive fungal species. There was no antimicrobial activity against Escerichia coli species. The results obtained show that the tested lichen and their compound demostrated a strong antimicrobal effect against the tested microorganisms.
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Keywords: Cyanolichens/ Forest management/ Life-history traits/ Mediterranean forest/ Trentepohlia/ Water-energy dynamics
Abstract: Lichens are composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic association of a fungus with a photosynthetic partner. Although the photobiont type is a key life-history trait, tests of the potential differential role of the main photobiont types in shaping large-scale patterns of lichen species richness are still absent. The aim of the study was to test the influences of forest structure and climate on epiphytic lichen species richness across Italy and to see whether these relationships change for groups of species sharing different photobiont types. Regional species richness of epiphytic lichens divided into three main photobiont types (i.e. chlorococcoid green algae, cyanobacteria, and Trentepohlia algae) was retrieved for each of the 20 administrative regions. Multiple linear regression was used to quantify the effect of climate and forest structure, and their potential interaction, on the regional species richness for the three photobiont types, accounting also for the effect of regional area. Regional species richness was associated with both climate and forest structure variables but the relationships with both factors were largely photobiont dependent. Regional area and precipitation were the only predictors included in all the models, confirming the strong dependence of lichens on atmospheric water supply, irrespective of the photobiont type. Number of species with chlorococcoid green algae were further positively associated with cover of high forest, whilst lichens with Trentepohlia were further enhanced by warm temperatures. Cyanolichen species richness was only related to area and precipitation. Our study shed light on the relative importance of climate and forest structure on lichen species richness patterns at the macroscale, showing a differential response of the photobiont types to various environmental determinants. This differential response suggested that the current and future impacts of global change on lichens cannot be generalized and that species richness response will be likely dependent on the photobiont type. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79960691371&partnerID=40&md5=2f4c55ed5b3acfa55708228072cefb04
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Abstract: Epiphytic lichen biota on Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris in Estonia was studied. Twenty-one spruce and 21 pine sample plots were located in old forests with long forest continuity, and 12 spruce and 12 pine sample plots in young first-generation forests (<100 years). Altogether 103 lichen species were recorded on the 330 sampled trees. Lichen species richness per plot was significantly higher in old forests in case of both tree species; 31 lichen species, including red-listed and protected species, were found only in old forests. Tree age had a positive effect on lichen species richness on tree stem in old and young spruce forests and in young pine forests. Tree age also had an effect on the presence of several species. Both tree age and forest continuity affected lichen species composition. Arthonia leucopellaea, Chrysothrix spp. and Lecanactis abietina were found in at least every third old spruce or pine forest and in no young forests, and can be regarded as good indicators of old coniferous forests with long continuity in Estonia.
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Abstract: The results of the specific distribution of lichens sampled on 30 small Dodonaea viscosa L. trees located in a restinga area on the banks of Lagoa Negra in Itapuã State Park, Rio Grande do Sul, State are presented. The difference in species diversity among the habitats was proved through similarity tests. The twig was the habitat that has presented the greatest floristic differentiation and the branches were similar to the trunks. Lichen communities vary depending on habitat conditioned to the bark roughness, which changes according to the age of the substrate.
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Keywords: Lichens/ Phaeophyscia denigrata group/ Phaeophyscia poeltii/ Physciella/ morphology/ anatomy/ ascospores ontogeny/ distribution/ ecology/ taxonomy
Abstract: The foliose lichen Phaeophyscia poeltii (Frey) Nimis is reported for the first time from France, in the Pyrenees and the southern Alps. Morphology, anatomy, ecology and distribution are specified and commented. The necessity of a revision of the Phaeophyscia denigrata group, to which P. poeltii belongs, is underlined, and differences in the ascospore ontogeny between species of the genus Physcia and species of the genus Phaeophyscia are also highlighted.
Notes: In French with English abstract.
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Notes: In Polish with English summary.
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Keywords: PRIMEVAL FOREST/ LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI/ BIODIVERSITY
Abstract: Plectocarpon lichenum is reported for the first time from the Białowieża Primeval Forest. The species has been rediscovered in Poland after more than 100 years. A list of lichenicolous fungi from Białowieża Forest is presented.
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Countries/Continents: Poland
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Abstract: In 2009, during a survey focused on the species of the genus Rhizocarpon in KRAM-L, the species Rhizocarpon reductum Th. Fr. was identified. It is a very rare species in the Polish mountains, and here reported as new to the Beskid ?ywiecki Mts. © W.Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Science 2011 All Right Reservd.
Notes: In Polish with English abstract
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Countries/Continents: Poland
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Abstract: Rinodina australiensis is reported from Namibia. These are the first records outside Australia. The habitats are briefly described and frequently associated species are listed.
Countries/Continents: Africa/Namibia
URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.13158/heia.24.1.2011.53?journalCode=heia
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Keywords: community structure/ Tazovskaya Lowland/ testate amoebae/ Western Siberia
Abstract: The species composition and community structure of soil-inhabiting testate amoebae communities have been studied in biotopes of different types in the southern tundra and forest-tundra of the Tazovskaya Lowland, Western Siberia. A total of 93 species and forms have been identified. It has been found that the species richness of testate amoebae is much lower in dry than in moist biotopes due to a lower level of beta-diversity, with alpha diversity being the same (on average, 16.9 and 17.1 species per sample, respectively). Factors acting at the microbiotope level (biotope type and moisture) play the most important role in the formation of species richness; biotope features (soils and vegetation) are second in importance. In moist habitats, local communities of testate amoebae from different microbiotopes (mosses, lichens, or litter) are fairly similar in species structure, and communities from different moist biotopes are heterogeneous. In dry areas, the opposite situation is observed: local communities differ at the microbiotope level but are similar at the biotope level. The abundance of testate amoebae in moist biotopes reaches 200 × 103 ind./g dry soil, being an order of magnitude lower in dry biotopes. © 2011 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.
Notes: Testate amoebae from within the lichen microbiome are studied.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-82055169546&partnerID=40&md5=beee1108c39a53fbd92a814d60b135c2
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Abstract: Hypogymnia imshaugii is one of the most common, conspicuous and morphologically variable epiphytic lichens of the Pacific coastal states and provinces. The species varies greatly in morphology and chemistry, suggesting multiple closely related species or one or more phenotypically plastic species. We sought to determine whether additional ecologically meaningful species might be present within the H. imshaugii complex. Improving our species concepts could potentially improve ecological inferences based on community sampling. Three relatively well-defined genetic groups and one residual group in the H. imshaugii complex were detected with haplotype networks based on the ITS locus; however, phylogenetic reconstructions on combined ITS, mtSSU, GPD1 and TEF1 loci did not reflect this pattern. At present, we have insufficient evidence to support defining any of these groups as new taxa. The four major chemotypes in H. imshaugii differed in frequency among the genetic groups. None of the genetic groups was, however, qualitatively uniform in chemotype. Only one chemotype occurred in a single genetic group, but several chemotypes occurred in that group. While broadly sympatric, each chemotype had a distinct geographic distribution, and each chemotype showed its own relationship to climate, as shown by regression of occurrences of chemotypes against climatic variables. The genetic variation detected within H. imshaugii did not correspond to geographic variation in morphology, chemistry, or climate. Within the broader H. imshaugii complex, we recommend treating H. amplexa as a synonym of H. imshaugii unless it can be more distinctly separated from the clinal variation in morphology, chemistry, or DNA sequences. In contrast to H. amplexa, however, H. inactiva and H. gracilis are both easily separated morphologically from H. imshaugii and do not intergrade with it.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-114.3.526
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Keywords: Lecanorales, lichenized ascomycetes, lichenized fungi, Yunnan Province
Abstract: Hypogymnia irregularis is newly described from southwest China, Nepal, Japan, and Taiwan. Similar in growth form to H. vittata, H. irregularis differs in always lacking soredia and having staggered, lateral, or almost randomly located perforations in the lower surface. In contrast, H. vittata usually produces soredia and has perforations more centered in the lower surface and axils. Hypogymnia vittata is known from Asia, North America, Central America, and Europe, while H. irregularis is endemic to Asia. Hypogymnia irregularis is postulated as being the fertile species that is the closest living relative to the sorediate H. vittata. Another Asian species, H. stricta, can be similar in appearance to H. irregularis and H. vittata, but can be differentiated both morphologically and chemically from those two.
Genera/Families: Parmeliaceae / Hypogymnia
Countries/Continents: China, Nepal, Japan, Taiwan
Notes: New species: Hypogymnia irregularis McCune
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Abstract: Lichens are an important winter food source for woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), but quantifying their abundance is difficult. Here, we present an efficient method for assessing lichen biomass at the stand level in boreal forests. We measured lichens occurring in high enough abundance to serve as a winter food source for woodland caribou in 51 boreal forest stands. Samples of each species or genus were collected from each stand and a mean abundance (cover) to biomass ratio was established. The method does not require samples to be collected or weighed, due to this predetermined relationship, and it also accounts for the variation in biomass among lichen species that are equally abundant. The variation in lichen growth between stands was assessed by means of five lichen abundance classes. The proposed method was tested in 34 stands with a wide range of ages and stem densities. The average time to complete a lichen biomass assessment was approximately 2 h. This method is an efficient and accurate tool that can assist forest managers and researchers with ecological studies on lichens or with monitoring changes in lichen biomass over time and with habitat assessments for organisms for which lichens are important, such as woodland caribou.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80055036829&partnerID=40&md5=bdfeb4b1fa519bd08cc8132e50ef52f3
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Keywords: FOREST ECOLOGY/ SILVICULTURE/ SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT/ BOREAL FOREST/ LICHEN
Abstract: Two commonly used silvicultural herbicides (triclopyr and glyphosate) were examined for their effects on lichens in northeastern Ontario. One hundred 1 m2 plots were randomly established throughout a single, open canopy forest stand with tree cover dominated by Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana and ground cover dominated by lichens. Herbicides were applied to the plots along a gradient of concentrations ranging from 0.71 to 6.72 kg acid equivalent ha%021. The pre- and 1 year post-application abundance (percent cover) of 25 lichen species in 1 m2 plots were compared. Triclopyr and glyphosate reduced the abundance of 40% and 56% of the lichen species studied, respectively. Tolerance to these herbicides varied among lichen species and a cluster analysis was used to define four tolerance classes. Analysis of variance was used to compare lichen abundance among the tolerance classes and multivariate analysis (canonical correspondence) was used to explore variation in lichen abundance as constrained by species traits postherbicide application. Except for Trapeliopsis granulosa, the most herbicide sensitive species were richly branched. The species with the highest mortality were Bryoria furcellata, Cladonia uncialis, and T. granulosa. In general, lichen response to herbicide treatments cannot be assessed using ecological units; species must be considered individually or, as proposed here, by tolerance class. Study results provide forest managers with improved understanding of the effects of herbicide applications on non-target organisms.
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Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the distribution of Lepraria lichen species in dry deciduous forests, in relation to tree substratum and forest characteristics. In total, 34 localities with 1020 trees (13 tree species) were studied in different parts of Latvia. Lepraria spp. were found on 642 trees: L. eburnea on 8 trees, L. incana on 80 trees, and L. lobificans on 568 trees. Lepraria eburnea was recorded for the first time in Latvia. Tree species, tree bark crevice depth, inclination, pH and forest type were the most important variables explaining the presence of Lepraria species. Lepraria incana was associated with Quercus robur and Tilia cordata, while L. lobificans was associated with Betula pendula. The occurrence probability of L. lobificans increased with tree inclination and tree bark pH, and that of L. incana with bark crevice depth and tree bark pH.
Countries/Continents: Latvia/Europe
URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23728114
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Countries/Continents: Germany
Notes: In German.
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Keywords: Atranorin/ anti-inflamatory activity/ Atranorin/ toxicity/ Cladina kalbii/ pharmacognosy/ Medicinal plants
Abstract: Atranorin (ATR) is the main compound from the lichen Cladina kalbii Ahti, which grows in the arid regions of northeastern Brazil. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and toxicological properties of ATR. To evaluate anti-inflammatory properties, paw edema was induced by injecting 0.1 mL of carrageenan into the subplantar region of the right hind paw of rats, and leukocyte migration was induced by injection of 500 ?L of carrageenan into the peritoneal cavity of mice. In addition, we determined ATR cytotoxicity in L929 cells by MTT assay and acute (5 g/kg-single dose) and subchronic (50 mg/kg- 30 days) toxicity tests in Wistar rats. The results showed that ATR (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity (paw edema and leukocyte migration). In the acute toxicity test, the animals showed hypoactivity and lethargy during the initial period (first 6 hours) and increase in total protein, total and indirect bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase after 14 days in ATR-treated male rats. The subchronic toxicity test revealed increases in total protein, globulin, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total and direct bilirubin in ATR-treated female rats. Histological analysis revealed no changes in the architecture and morphology of the organs. These results suggest that ATR has significant anti-inflammatory activity, with no significant acute and subchronic toxicity or cytotoxicity.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502011000400024
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Abstract: Patterns in the natural abundance of nitrogen (N) isotopes (15N and 14N) can help in the understanding of ecosystem processes along environmental gradients, because some processes fractionate against the heavier isotope. We measured δ15N in many components of the Franz Josef soil chronosequence in New Zealand to see how each component varied along the sequence and within sites, and to see what this variation can tell us about how ecosystem processes such as N losses change with soil age. We analyzed δ15N in foliage from 18 woody species, abscised leaves from seven woody species, three soil horizons, bryophytes, lichens, bulk deposition, and nodules from the N-fixing tree Coriaria arborea (Coriariaceae). Foliar δ15N varied significantly across plant species. Foliage and bulk litter became 15N-depleted as soil age increased. Soil N from organic and mineral horizons was significantly more 15N-enriched than bulk litter N at each site. Increasing precipitation also decreased foliar and soil δ15N. Comparing input and whole ecosystem δ15N revealed limited evidence for net fractionation during N losses. These trends are consistent with some combination of increasing fractionation during plant N uptake, mycorrhizal transfer, within-plant processing, and soil decomposition as soils age.
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Abstract: Human activity is drastically altering global nitrogen (N) availability. The extent to which ecosystems absorb additional N-and with it, additional CO2-depends on whether net primary production (NPP) is N-limited, so it is important to understand conditions under which N can limit NPP. Here I use a general dynamical model to show that N limitation at steady-state-such as in old-growth forests-depends on the balance of biotically controllable versus uncontrollable N inputs and losses. Steady-state N limitation is only possible when uncontrollable inputs (for example, atmospheric deposition) exceed controllable losses (for example, leaching of plant-available soil N), which is the same as when uncontrollable losses (for example, leaching of plant-unavailable soil N) exceed controllable inputs (biological N fixation). These basic results are robust to many model details, such as the number of plant-unavailable soil N pools and the number and type of N fixers. Empirical data from old-growth tropical (Hawai'i) and temperate (Oregon, Washington, Chile) forests support the model insights. Practically, this means that any N fixer-symbiotic or not-could overcome ecosystem N limitation, so understanding N limitation requires understanding controls on all N fixers. Further, comparing losses of plant-available N to abiotic inputs could offer a rapid diagnosis of whether ecosystems can be N-limited, although the applicability of this result is constrained to ecosystems with a steady-state N cycle such as old-growth forests largely devoid of disturbance.
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Genera/Families: Sticta
Notes: In Spanish with English abstract.
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URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/079.028.0401
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Abstract: Shock recovery experiments were performed with an explosive set-up in which three types of microorganisms embedded in various types of host rocks were exposed to strong shock waves with pressure pulse lengths of lower than 0.5μs: spores of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, Xanthoria elegans lichens, and cells of the cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis sp. 029. In these experiments, three fundamental parameters were systematically varied (1) shock pressures ranging from 5 to 50GPa, (2) preshock ambient temperature of 293, 233 and 193K, and (3) the type of host rock, including nonporous igneous rocks (gabbro and dunite as analogs for the Martian shergottites and chassignites, respectively), porous sandstone, rock salt (halite), and a clay-rich mineral mixture as porous analogs for dry and water-saturated Martian regolith. The results show that the three parameters have a strong influence on the survival rates of the microorganisms. The most favorable conditions for the impact ejection from Mars for microorganisms would be (1) low porosity host rocks, (2) pressures <10-20GPa, and (3) low ambient temperature of target rocks during impact. All tested microorganisms were capable of surviving to a certain extent impact ejection in different geological materials under distinct conditions.
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Abstract: [Twenty-eight water bear species were found in moss, lichens, liverworts and leaf litter.] Samples of moss, lichens, liverworts and leaf litter collected in the Lower and Upper Peninsulas of the state of Michigan, USA, contained 28 species of water bears (phylum Tardigrada). Eighteen species were considered cosmopolitan, widely distributed in several biogeographical regions. One species, Minibiotus jonesorum sp. n., is described and illustrated. This new species is characterized by having ten transverse bands of polygonal pores that increase in size from anterior to posterior, three macroplacoids that increase in size from anterior to posterior and by lacking a microplacoid or leg granulation. The medial and posterior pores of M. jonesorum sp. n. are polygonal and much larger than the trefoil pores of M. furcatus, the most similar species in the genus.
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Abstract: [Six species of terrestrial tardigrades were collected from moss, lichen and leaf litter.] Terrestrial tardigrades were collected from moss, lichen and leaf litter from Grand Cayman in the Cayman Islands, West Indies. Six species were found. Milnesium tardigradum Doyère, 1840, Minibiotus intermedius (Plate, 1889), Paramacro-biotus areolatus (Murray, 1907) and P. richtersi (Murray, 1911) have been reported previously from other islands in the Caribbean Sea. Two species on Grand Cayman were new to science. Doryphoribius tessellatus sp. n. belongs to the 'evelinae-group', with two macroplacoids and cuticular gibbosities. In having two pairs of posterior gibbosities and cuticular depressions forming a reticular design, it is most similar to Doryphoribius quadrituberculatus Kaczmarek & Michalczyk, 2004 from Costa Rica. It differs from D. quadrituberculatus in its gibbosity sequence (III:4:2:2), the number of teeth, size of macroplacoids and details of the reticular design on the dorsal cuticle. Macrobiotus caymanensis sp. n. belongs to the 'polyopus-group' of species. It differs from other species of the group in having a shorter buccal tube, a more posterior stylet support insertion point and fewer, larger egg processes.
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Abstract: Tardigrada (water bear) is a phylum of microscopic animals commonly found in mosses, lichens, leaf litter, and freshwater. Over 200 species of water bear are known to occur in North America; 99 species have been reported from northeastern North America. In lichen and leaf-litter samples from Bar Harbor, Hancock County, ME (a state for which only one species of tardigrade, Thulinius augusti, has hitherto been reported), eleven species of water bear were present: Echiniscus merokensis, Milnesium tardigradum, Ramazzottius baumanni, R. oberhaeuseri, Diphascon (Diphascon) nodulosum, D. (Adropion) prorsirostre, Astatumen trinacriae, Macrobiotus harmsworthi, Macrobiotus hufelandi, Minibiotus furcatus, and Minibiotus intermedius. All have previously been reported from other states and provinces in northeastern North America, but are new records for Maine.
Notes: Tardigrades are common inhabitants of lichens.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.018.0411
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Abstract: Effect of some pollutants on the lichen Hypogymnia physodes is investigated. It is established experimentally that the greatest changes in the chemical composition of the lichen are caused by short-term exposure to 32 and 65% nitric acid and long-term exposure (14-21 days) to low concentrations (3 and 6%) of sulfuric acid.
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Keywords: ammonia/ ammonium nitrate/ ammonium sulfate/ biomonitoring/ FTIR spectroscopy/ Hypogymnia physodes/ pig-breeding complex/ pollutant/ pollution
Abstract: Changes in the chemical composition of lichens exposed to pollutants are investigated by means of FTIR spectroscopy. According to model experiments, alkyl nitrates, ammonium salts, amines, and sulfones develop in the lichen thallus through the action of ammonia and nitric and sulfuric acids. Spectroscopic data of modeling experiments enabled nitrogen- and sulfur-containing substances to be identified as the main air pollutants in the vicinity of a pig-breeding complex and information to be obtained on the content of the pollutants and their impact on the lichens. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10812-011-9522-x
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Abstract: We inferred phylogenetic relationships using Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches for two genera of lichenized fungi, Hypogymnia and Cavernularia (Parmeliaceae). Based on the combined ITS and GPD1 dataset from 23 species (49 specimens) of Hypogymnia and two species (8 specimens) of Cavernularia, we conclude that Hypogymnia is paraphyletic, and that it should include Cavernularia to retain its monophyly. Hypogymnia hultenii (?=? Cavernularia hultenii) and H. lophyrea (?=? C. lophyrea) are accepted here. Five species of Hypogymnia represented by more than a single individual were found to be monophyletic and significantly supported. The phylogeny reflects a statistically significant biogeographic pattern where continental-scale endemic taxa tend to occur within the same phylogenetic group. Sorediate taxa, which have worldwide or broader geographical ranges than affiliated species lacking soredia, are spread across the phylogenetic tree. Hypogymnia contains three species pairs: H. krogiae and the sorediate counterpart H. incurvoides, H. minilobata and the sorediate H. mollis, and H. lophyrea and the sorediate H. hultenii. In the case of H. minilobata, both members of the pair are restricted to a small area in southern California. In the other two cases, the fertile counterpart occurs only in North America, while the sorediate species occurs in both North America and Fennoscandia. This suggests but not proves an origin of each species pair in North America, with migration of the sorediate member to Fennoscandia following the prevailing wind direction.
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Keywords: Antimicrobial activity/ Cytotoxic activity/ Xanthone
Abstract: A series of 15 ?aminoalkoxylxanthones containing methyl, ethyl, propyl, tert-butylamino and piperidinyl moieties were synthesized from a natural xanthone isolated from a lichen species. These compounds were tested for their in vitro antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and cytotoxicity against a number of human tumor cell lines was too evaluated. The newly synthesized derivatives revealed selective activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), and the most promising results are for a multidrug resistant strain, for which six of these compounds showed good activity (MICs 4 µg/mL). Many derivatives inhibited tumor cells growth and most compounds were active on multiple lines.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80051779506&partnerID=40&md5=4c20163d8e33576f32fe934e6b44f17c
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Keywords: Ancestral state reconstruction/ Basidium/ Character evolution/ Lichenicolous fungi/ Molecular phylogeny/ Tremellomycetes
Abstract: The Tremellomycetes (Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi) are a nutritionally heterogeneous group comprising saprotrophs, animal parasites, and fungicolous species (fungal-inhabiting, including lichen-inhabiting). The relationships of many species, particularly those with a lichenicolous habit, have never been investigated by molecular methods. We present a phylogeny of the Tremellomycetes based on three nuclear DNA ribosomal markers (nSSU, 5.8S and nLSU), representing all main taxonomic groups and life forms, including lichenicolous taxa. The Cystofilobasidiales, Filobasidiales, Holtermanniales, and Tremellales (including the Trichosporonales) are recovered as monophyletic, but this is not the case for the Tremellomycetes. We suggest, however, that the Cystofilobasidiales tentatively continue to be included in the Tremellomycetes. As currently circumscribed, the Filobasidiaceae, Sirobasidiaceae, Syzygosporaceae and Tremellaceae are non-monophyletic. Cuniculitremaceae, Sirobasidiaceae and Tetragoniomycetaceae are nested within Tremellaceae. The lichenicolous species currently included within the Tremellomycetes belong in this group, distributed across the Filobasidiales and Tremellales. Lichen-inhabiting taxa do not form a monophyletic group; they are distributed in several clades and sometimes intermixed with taxa of other nutritional habits. Character state reconstruction indicates that two morphological traits claimed to characterize groups in the Tremellomycetes (the basidium habit and basidium septation) are highly homoplastic. Comparative phylogenetic methods suggest that the transitions between single and catenulate basidia in the Tremellales are consistent with a punctuational model of evolution whereas basidium septation is likely to have evolved under a graduational model in the clade comprising the Holtermanniales, Filobasidiales, and Tremellales. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79960569713&partnerID=40&md5=3855fcc1ed63a97efbc8da76c44eb5e2
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URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/079.028.0406
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Abstract: We present a lichen checklist of 141 species from the Lawrence Memorial Grassland Preserve and nearby lands in Wasco County, Oregon, based on collections made in the 1970s and 1990s. Collections include epiphytic, lignicolous, saxicolous, muscicolous, and terricolous species. One of these collections is the type specimen for a recently described species, Placopyrenium conforme. To evaluate differences between collections made in the 1970s and 1990s, taxa are placed in six morphological groups: crustose, foliose, fruticose, squamulose, stratified nitrogen-fixers, and gelatinous nitrogen-fixers. We determined that recent visits to the preserve added a greater proportion of terricolous species to the list than species from other substrates, reflecting developments in the taxonomy and understanding of biological soil crusts over recent decades. The trade-off between smaller-scale study plots that capture accurate species abundance and larger plots that capture more complete species richness is amplified in the sagebrush steppe because of the small size and cryptic nature of many lichens. We discuss the benefits of both approaches to lichen monitoring in these ecosystems. This project was possible because voucher specimens were available from the original 1977 survey, which allowed us to address changes in species concepts over recent decades.
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URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/079.028.0402
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Keywords: Biological soil crusts/ Crusted soils/ Elongated pores/ Erosion rates/ Macro pores/ Morphological characteristic/ Pore shape/ Pore types/ Semi-arid rangeland/ Silty soils/ Soil blocks/ Soil crusts/ Soil quality/ Thin section/ Total porosity/ Erosion/ Porosity/ Seepage/ Two dimensional/ Soils/ cyanobacterium/ erosion control/ functional morphology/ image analysis/ infiltration/ lichen/ porosity/ rangeland/ semiarid region/ silty soil/ soil crust/ soil erosion/ soil quality/ two-dimensional modeling
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2010.0283
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Keywords: Ascomycetes/ Ramalinaceae/ squamulose/ taxonomy
Abstract: An account of 14 species of Phyllopsora from India is provided. P. catervisorediata and P. himalayensis are described as new species, while P. corallina var. subglaucella as a new variety. P. albicans, P. breviuscula, P. chlorophaea, P. confusa, P. isidiotyla, P. kalbii, P. mauritiana, P. nemoralis, P. subcrustacea, and P. swinscowii are new records for the Indian lichen biota. © 2011. Mycotaxon, Ltd.
Notes: New species: P. catervisorediata G.K. Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka and P. himalayensis G.K. Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka; new variety: P. corallina var. subglaucella G.K. Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80051932245&partnerID=40&md5=7a82e251721dabf446600082f9beca06
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Abstract: Lichens represent unique symbiosis of fungi (mycobionts) and algae (photobionts). Living in extremeconditions they developed various compounds to survive. Many of these original compounds have provenbiological activities (antibiotic, antimycotic, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidant, etc) . This paper is synthesis ofcurrently known data about lichens extracts and their potential use in pharmaceutics and medicine.
URL: http://journal.pmf.ni.ac.rs/bionys/index.php/bionys/article/view/69
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Keywords: Antimicrobial activity/ Antioxidant activity/ Antiproliferative activity/ Lichens extract/ Total phenolic content
Abstract: The antioxidative, antimicrobial and antiproliferative potentials of the methanol extracts of the lichen species Parmelia sulcata, Flavoparmelia caperata, Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes and Cladonia foliacea were evaluated. The total phenolic content of the tested extracts varied from 78.12 to 141.59 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GA)/g of extract and the total flavonoid content from 20.14 to 44.43 mg of rutin equivalent (Ru)/g of extract. The antioxidant capacities of the lichen extracts were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals scavenging. Hypogymnia physodes with the highest phenolic content showed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging effect. Further, the antimicrobial potential of the lichen extracts was determined by a microdilution method on 29 microorganisms, including 15 strains of bacteria, 10 species of filamentous fungi and 4 yeast species. A high antimicrobial activity of all the tested extracts was observed with more potent inhibitory effects on the growth of Gram (+) bacteria. The highest antimicrobial activity among lichens was demonstrated by Hypogymnia physodes and Cladonia foliacea. Finally, the antiproliferative activity of the lichen extracts was explored on the colon cancer adenocarcinoma cell line HCT-116 by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) viability assay and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. The methanol extracts of Hypogymnia physodes and Cladonia foliacea showed a better cytotoxic activity than the other extracts. All lichen species showed the ability to induce apoptosis of HCT-116 cells. © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052173478&partnerID=40&md5=a3a5610ecf54444cfb4c68e59e4eab87
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Keywords: LHCII/ Non-photochemical quenching/ Parmotrema tinctorum/ Photosystem II
Abstract: A time-resolved fluorescence study of living lichen thalli at 5 K was conducted to clarify the dynamics and mechanism of the effective dissipation of excess light energy taking place in lichen under extreme drought conditions. The decay-associated spectra obtained from the experiment at 5 K were characterized by a drastically sharpened spectral band which could not be resolved by experiments at higher temperatures. The present results indicated the existence of two distinct dissipation components of excess light energy in desiccated lichen; one is characterized as rapid fluorescence decay with a time constant of 27 ps in the far-red region that was absent in wet lichen thalli, and the other is recognized as accelerated fluorescence decay in the 685-700 nm spectral region. The former energy-dissipation component with extremely high quenching efficiency is most probably ascribed to the emergence of a rapid quenching state in the peripheral-antenna system of photosystem II (PS II) on desiccation. This is an extremely effective protection mechanism of PS II under desiccation, which lichens have developed to survive in the severely desiccated environments. The latter, which is less efficient at 5 K, might have a supplementary role and take place either in the core antenna of PS II or aggregated peripheral antenna of PS II. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11120-011-9691-8
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Keywords: Biomonitoring/ Cement plant/ Emission/ Epiphytic lichens/ Mercury
Abstract: The study was focused on understanding the mercury contamination caused by a cement plant. Active and passive biomonitoring with epiphytic lichens was combined with other instrumental measurements of mercury emissions, mercury concentrations in raw materials, elemental mercury concentrations in air, quantities of dust deposits, temperatures, precipitation and other measurements from the cement plant's regular monitoring programme. Active biomonitoring with transplanted lichens Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf was performed at seven of the most representative sites around the cement plant and one distant reference site for periods of 3, 6 and 12 months. In situ lichens of different species were collected at the beginning of the monitoring period at the same sites. Mercury speciation of the plant exhaust gas showed that the main form of emitted mercury is reactive gaseous mercury Hg2+, which is specific for cement plants. Elemental mercury in air was measured in different meteorological conditions using a portable mercury detector. Concentrations in air were relatively low (on average below 10 ng m-3). In situ lichens showed Hg concentrations comparable to lichens taken from the background area for transplantation, indicating that the local pollution is not severe. Transplanted lichens showed an increase of mercury, especially at one site near the cement plant. A correlation between precipitation and Hg uptake was not found probably due to a rather uniform rainfall in individual periods. Dust deposits did not influence Hg uptake significantly. Lichens vitality was affected over longer biomonitoring periods, probably due to some elements in dust particles, their alkalinity and the influence of other emissions. Mercury uptake measured in vital transplanted lichens was in a good correlation with the working hours (i.e. emitted Hg quantity) of the kiln. The study showed that selected lichens could be used to detect low to moderate Hg emissions from a cement plant and that the biomonitoring procedure could be further standardized and used as part of an environmental monitoring programme. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80054738294&partnerID=40&md5=038690b91ff9db45b0b5ee2da5de16b5
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Abstract: [New species: Heterodermia andina, H. arvidssonii, H. badia, H. fertilis and H. parva; new combination: H. spinigera.] Thirty-three species of the lichen genus Heterodermia in South America, mainly from Ecuador and Peru, are defined. Morphology, anatomy, chemistry, habitat, distribution and interrelation between the species are discussed. A key to the treated species is presented. Five species are described as new; Heterodermia andina, H. arvidssonii, H. badia, H. fertilis and H. parva. One new combination is proposed; H. spinigera. Two species are reported as new to South America, H. spathulifera and H subcitrina, and H. palpebrata is reported as new to USA.
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Keywords: Bioclimatology/ Biogeography/ Cryptic lineage/ Genetic distance/ Molecular phylogeny/ New species/ Parmelia saxatilis complex
Abstract: In the last decade, a number of cryptic species have been discovered in lichenized fungi, especially in species with a cosmopolitan or disjunctive distribution. Parmelia saxatilis is one of the most common and widely distributed species. Recent molecular studies have detected two species, P. ernstiae and P. serrana, within P. saxatilis s. lat., suggesting the existence of considerable genetic diversity that may not yet be expressed at the phenotypic level. Due to the complexity in the P. saxatilis s. lat. group, we used this as a model to study the species boundary and identify cryptic lineages. We used Phylogenetic (Bayes, ML and MP) and genetic distance approaches to analyze ITS and ?-tubulin sequences. Our results confirm the existence of another cryptic lineage within P. saxatilis s. lat. This lineage is described herein as a new species, P. mayi. It forms an independent, strongly supported, monophyletic lineage, distantly related to the morphologically similar species P. ernstiae, P. saxatilis and P. serrana. Morphologically, it is indistinguishable from P. saxatilis but the new species is separated by molecular, bioclimatic, biogeographic and chemical characters. At present, P. mayi appears to have a restricted distribution in the northern Appalachian mountain territories of North America. It is found in climatic conditions ranging from hemiboreal and orotemperate to cryorotemperate ultrahyperhumid bioclimates. © Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 2011.
Notes: New species: Parmelia mayi Divakar, A. Crespo & M.C. Molina
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0060-4
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Abstract: Recently, the number of cryptic species known has increased considerably, showing that species diversity has in many cases been underestimated in the past. Parmelia sulcata is a widely distributed species and one of the most common taxa in temperate Europe. The first intra-specific molecular studies on P. sulcata showed an unexpectedly high genetic variability. In the present work, we study the biodiversity of this taxon including specimens from four continents and using three molecular markers (nuITS, nuIGS rDNA, and partial beta-tubulin gene). Two monophyletic groups of P. sulcata were encountered; one of these is epitypified as P. sulcata s. str and the other one is segregated as the new cryptic species P. encryptata sp. nov. Issues surrounding the lectotypification of Parmelia sulcata have also been elucidated.
Notes: New species: Parmelia encryptata A. Crespo, Divakar & M. C. Molina
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000521
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Abstract: Non-timber forest products form a substantial contribution to the livelihood of many rural communities worldwide. In the Western Ghats, India, epiphytic macrolichens are harvested by Paliyan tribes to generate supplementary income. Paliyan tribes employ two harvesting methods: shallow harvesting, with a minimum of attached bark substratum, and deep harvesting, which exposes the sapwood. To evaluate the regeneration of the lichen community in terms of species diversity, abundance and composition, 320 bark samples of up to 50 cm2 were collected from bark patches where lichens had been harvested previously, as shown by bark scars. Samples selected represented four host tree species, both harvesting methods and seven one-year intervals of time since harvesting. In each case, the field guide estimated sample age, and peer-testing proved these estimates to be reliable up to an age of seven years. Seven years after harvesting, the lichen community showed noteworthy regeneration capacity in terms of total lichen coverage and species richness. However, to assess the risk of local species loss in the long-term, any harvesting should include continuous monitoring of lichen species composition. Since shallow harvesting resulted in a swifter recovery of species abundance and richness compared with deep harvesting, harvesters should preferentially employ the shallow harvesting method.
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Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the extent and geographical pattern of intraspecific chemical and genetic variability of the lichen Hypogymnia physodes by comparing populations from different habitats. We analyzed the secondary lichen substances and their relative concentrations using HPTLC and HPLC in samples collected from sites with different environmental conditions. We identified seven lichen substances: the cortical atranorin and chloroatranorin, and the medullary physodalic, physodic, protocetraric, 3-hydroxyphysodic, and 2'-O-methylphysodic acids. The samples were uniform qualitatively, which means that H. physodes has only one chemotype. We detected quantitative chemical differences between the samples without any geographical pattern. We investigated 21 samples in order to study the connection between genotypic diversity of populations and geographical distribution. We determined the sequences of five loci (ITS, nucSSU, nucLSU, mitSSU, EF1a). We found no significant genetic differentiation among populations collected from different areas. © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2011.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84855226679&partnerID=40&md5=d978806d5ff7e184e058c2bcbdf9f8c0
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Abstract: During an ongoing investigation of Iran’s lichen biota we explored two valleys in the Binaloud Mountains (west of Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan province). As a result, we report 57 species, including 18 species new to the province.
Countries/Continents: Iran/Asia
URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2550428
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Keywords: Cambodia/ Fissurina batavana/ Graphis chlorotica/ Graphis taneina/ Lichen
Abstract: Three species of two genera, Fissurina batavana (Zahlbr.) M. Nakan., Kashiw. & K. H. Moon, Graphis taneina M. Nakan., Kashiw. & K. H. Moon and Graphis chlorotica A. Massal. in the lichen family Graphidaceae are newly reported from Cambodia and their distribution ranges are presented. Among them, Graphis taneina is new to science. G. taneina is distinct from the allied species of the genus in having sorediate thallus, erumpent lirellae without striation, labia covered by a thallus nearly up to the top of exciples, transversely septate colorless spores which are 30-32 × 7-8 um and in producing 2-methoxypsoromic acid. A new combination, Fissurina batavana (Zahlbr.) M. Nakan., Kashiw. & K. H. Moon is proposed. In addition, these are the second worldwide records for F batavana and Graphis chlorotica.
Notes: New species: Graphis taneina M. Nakan., Kashiw. & K. H. Moon; new combination: Fissurina batavana (Zahlbr.) M. Nakan., Kashiw. & K. H. Moon
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80855140765&partnerID=40&md5=cdde43a1cc304bff509d1d037b0b1fad
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Abstract: As a result of taxonomic studies of the genus Menegazzia (Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales) in Korea, four species are recognized; M. anteforata Aptroot, M. J. Lai & Sparrius, M. nipponica K. H. Moon, Kurok. & Kashiw., M. primaria Aptroot, M. J. Lai & Sparrius and M. terebrata (Hoffm.) A. Massal. Among them M. anteforata is a new addition to the present area. Menegazzia asahinae (Yasuda ex Asahina) R. Sant. is excluded from the lichen flora of Korea.
URL: http://www.tsumura.co.jp/english/kampo/plant/086/086_05.html
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Keywords: lichens/ lichenicolous fungi
Abstract: A list of 13 species of lichens and 12 species of lichenicolous fungi from Lithuania is presented. New to the Baltic states are Arthonia molendoi, Caloplaca flavocitrina, C. phlogina, Diederichia pseudeverniae, Phoma ficuzzae, P. foliaceiphila, Scoliciosporum gallurae, Strangospora deplanata, Vezdaea acicularis and Wentiomyces lichenicola; new to Lithuania are Bachmanniomyces uncialicola, Bacidia pycnidiata, Cladonia monomorpha, Clypeococcum cetrariae, Lecania cuprea, Leptogium rivulare, Libertiella curvispora, Opegrapha vermicellifera, Polycoccum pulvinatum, Porpidia soredizodes, Scoliciosporum sarothamni, Thelocarpon epibolum, Trichonectria anisospora, Vouauxiomyces ramalinae. The teleomorph of Scutula dedicata is recorded for the first time in the country.
Countries/Continents: Lithuania
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Keywords: lichens, lichenicolous fungi, Lithuania, protected areas
Abstract: The paper deals with the results of inventory of lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied saprobic fungi from Kamanos State Strict Nature Reserve. A total of 171 species (of these 152 species of lichens, 16 lichenicolous and 3 non-lichenized saprobic fungi) were reported. Three lichenized species (Lecanora farinaria, Normandina acroglypta and Ochrolechia alboflavescens) and two lichenicolous species (Epicladonia simplex and Pronectria santessonii) were reported for the first time in Lithuania. Only one species of the Red Data Book (RDB) of Lithuania – Arthonia vinosa was recorded. Icmadophila ericetorum, RDB species previously reported from the Reserve was not re-found. Lithuanian: Straipsnyje pateikiami lichenizuotų, lichenofilinių ir jiems artimų saprotrofinių grybų inventorizacijos Kamanų valstybiniame rezervate duomenys. Iš viso rezervato teritorijoje aptikta 166 rūšys (iš jų 148 rūšių kerpės, 15 rūšių lichenofiliniai ir 3 rūšių nelichenizuoti saprotrofiniai, su kerpėmis susiję grybai). Trijų rūšių kerpės (Lecanora farinaria, Normandina acroglypta, Ochrolechia alboflavescens) ir dviejų rūšių lichenofiliniai grybai (Epicladonia simplex, Pronectria santessonii) Lietuvoje aptikti pirmą kartą. Rezervate buvo nustatytas itin mažas retų ir saugomų rūšių skaičius ir tik viena į Lietuvos raudonąją knygą įtraukta kerpių rūšis – Arthonia vinosa. Ketvirtajame XX a. dešimtmetyje rezervate aptikta ir į Lietuvos raudonąją knygą įtraukta Icmadophila ericetorum šio tyrimo metu nebuvo rasta.
Notes: In English with Lithuanian abstract
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Abstract: The paper deals with the results of inventory of lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied saprobic fungi from Kamanos State Strict Nature Reserve. A total of 171 species (of these 152 species of lichens, 16 lichenicolous and 3 non-lichenized saprobic fungi) were reported. Three lichenized species (Lecanora farinaria, Normandina acroglypta and Ochrolechia alboflavescens) and two lichenicolous species (Epicladonia simplex and Pronectria santessonii) were reported for the first time in Lithuania. Only one species of thre Red Data Book (RDB) of Lithuania – Arthonia venosa was recorded. Icmadophila ericetorum, RDB species previously reported from the Reserve was not refound.
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Abstract: A list of 13 species of lichens and 12 species of lichenicolous fungi from Lithuania is presented. New to the Baltic states are Arthonia molendoi, Caloplaca flavocitrina, C. phlogina, Diederichia pseudeverniae, Phoma ficuzzae, P. foliaceiphila, Scoliciosporum gallurae, Strangospora deplanata, Vezdaea acicularis and Wentiomyces lichenicola; new to Lithuania are Bachmanniomyces uncialicola, Bacidia pycnidiata, Cladonia monomorpha, Clypeococcum cetrariae, Lecania cuprea, Leptogium rivulare, Libertiella curvispora, Opegrapha vermicellifera, Polycoccum pulvinatum, Porpidia soredizodes, Scoliciosporum sarothamni, Thelocarpon epibolum, Trichonectria anisospora, Vouauxiomyces ramalinae. The teleomorph of Scutula dedicata is recorded for the first time in the country.
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Abstract: Additional lichenological research was made in two nature reserves of the Central Chernozem Region (south-eastern part of Central Russia). As a result, 14 lichen species new to the Voronezh Region were found and 6 species new to the Central Chernozem Region as a whole. Among them, 5 indicating species of old-growth and moderately disturbed forest communities were noted, as well as 2 species rare in Russia. Other recorded species are rare for the Central Chernozem Region.
Countries/Continents: Russia/Europe
Notes: In Russian with English abstract.
URL: https://www.binran.ru/en/publications/novosti-sistematiki-nizshyh-rastenij/1946/9798/
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Keywords: Distribution/ Lecanorales/ Lichenized fungi/ Taxonomy/ geographical distribution/ lichen/ new record/ new species/ taxonomy/ Kazakhstan/ Kyrgyzstan/ Russian Federation/ Ryazan/ Tajikistan
Abstract: Lecanora percrenata H. Magn. is reported as new for Europe. The species is also noted from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Lecanora albescens (Hoffm.) Branth & Rostr. and L. perpruinosa Fröberg are reported for the first time from the Ryazan region in Russia. New records of L. dispersa (Pers.) Sommerf. and L. semipallida H. Magn. in the area of Ryazan are also given.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80855130173&partnerID=40&md5=615b12b62be350d0a31df82c7c87b1b7
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Abstract: Premise of the study: Thallus architecture has long been a powerful guide for classifying lichens and has often trumped photobiont association and ascomatal type, but the reliability of these characters to predict phylogenetic affinity has seldom been tested. The cyanolichen genus Polychidium unites species that have strikingly similar gross morphology but consort with different photobiont genera. If Polychidium were found to be monophyletic, photobiont switching among closely related species would be suggested. If, however, species were found to arise in different lineages, a convergent body plan and ascomatal type evolution would be inferred. Methods: We tested the monophyly of Polychidium with a multilocus phylogeny based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data from all known Peltigeralean families and reconstructed ancestral states for specific thallus architecture and ascomatal ontogeny types relative to Polychidium and other clades. Key results: We found that Polychidium consists of two species groups that arose independently in different suborders within the Peltigerales, associated with Nostoc and Scytonema photobionts, respectively. We infer from ancestral character state reconstruction that dendroid thallus architecture evolved independently in these two lineages. Conclusions: The independent development of similar dendroid thallus architecture in different fungal suborders with different photobionts represents a clear and previously overlooked example of convergent evolution in lichens. Our results also suggest a pattern of character state conservation, loss, and reversion in ascomatal ontogeny types, hitherto considered conserved traits useful for higher level ascomycete systematics.
Genera/Families: Polychidium
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Abstract: [In Spanish.]
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Abstract: Aim of the study: The objective of the study was to investigate and document the utilization of medicinal (with emphasis on anthelmintic) plants by the people of Loitoktok district in Kenya for the management of both animal and human health. Materials and methods: The study was conducted between May and October 2009. Information was gathered from 23 traditional health practitioners, from across the district, by use of semi-structured questionnaires; transect walks, oral interviews and focus group discussions. Voucher specimens of cited plants were collected and deposited at the botanical herbarium of the University of Nairobi. Results: A total of 80 medicinal plants cited were collected and identified as belonging to 46 families and 70 genera. The plants identified were 48%, 38%, 7%, 6% and 1% trees, shrubs, herbs, lianas and lichens, respectively. Most of the plants belonged to the families Fabaceae (10%), Euphorbiaceae (6%), Rutaceae (5%) followed by Boraginaceae, Labiateae, Rubiaceae, and Solanaceae at 4% each. However, the six most important families by their medicinal use values in decreasing order were Rhamnaceae, Myrsinaceae, Oleaceae, Liliaceae, Usenaceae and Rutaceae. The ailments treated included respiratory conditions, helminthosis, stomach disorders, malaria, sexually transmitted diseases, infertilities and physical injuries. Helminthosis in both livestock and humans was recognized as a major disease managed by use of medicinal plants (with an informant consensus factor of 0.86) in the study area. The most frequently used plant anthelmintics were Albizia anthelmintica (Fabaceae), Myrsine africana (Myrsinaceae), Rapanea melanophleos (Myrsinaceae), Clausena anisata (Rutaceae) and Olea Africana (Oleaceae) used by 70%, 70%, 26%, 13% and 9% of the respondents, respectively. Other plant anthelmintics used, each by 4% of the respondents, were Rumex usambarensis (Polygonaceae) and Salvadora persica (Salvadoraceae). Conclusion: It is concluded that traditional health practice in Loitoktok depend largely on naturally growing plants and that the study area has a potential for bio-prospecting of crude drugs from plants due to the large number of medicinal plants cited. There is also need for further studies to validate the plants used in medicinal remedies in this area.
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Abstract: The biomagnification behavior of perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs) was studied in terrestrial food webs consisting of lichen and plants, caribou, and wolves from two remote northern areas in Canada. Six PFCAs with eight to thirteen carbons and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were regularly detected in all species. Lowest concentrations were found for vegetation (0.02-0.26 ng/g wet weight (ww) sum (S) PFCAs and 0.002-0.038 ng/g ww PFOS). Wolf liver showed highest concentrations (10-18 ng/g ww SPFCAs and 1.4-1.7 ng/g ww PFOS) followed by caribou liver (6-10 ng/g ww SPFCAs and 0.7-2.2 ng/g ww PFOS). Biomagnification factors were highly tissue and substance specific. Therefore, individual whole body concentrations were calculated and used for biomagnification and trophic magnification assessment. Trophic magnification factors (TMF) were highest for PFCAs with nine to eleven carbons (TMF = 2.2-2.9) as well as PFOS (TMF = 2.3-2.6) and all but perfluorooctanoate were significantly biomagnified. The relationship of PFCA and PFSA TMFs with the chain length in the terrestrial food chain was similar to previous studies for Arctic marine mammal food web, but the absolute values of TMFs were around two times lower for this study than in the marine environment. This study demonstrates that challenges remain for applying the TMF approach to studies of biomagnification of PFCAs and PFSAs, especially for terrestrial animals. © 2011 American Chemical Society.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80054687132&partnerID=40&md5=6506dcb600c7f5833d94d0f95163af6d
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Abstract: The phylogenetic relationships of the genus Bryoria were examined using ITS, partial glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and mitochondrial SSU rDNA sequence data in addition to 20 chemical and morphological characters. This first comprehensive molecular study to assess Bryoria phylogeny includes representatives from all the traditionally recognized four sections. Combined cladistic analyses of 88 Bryoria specimens representing at least 25 species resulted in highly resolved phylogenies. Based on the results, a new infrageneric classification for the genus is proposed. Five sections are recognized, largely corresponding to the existing classification, with the addition of section Americanae. The study shows that while most species with an erect growth-form are clearly monophyletic, current species status of many pendent taxa can be questioned.
Notes: New section: Bryoria sect. Americanae Myllys & Velmala
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000132
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Keywords: AQUATIC LICHEN/ BIOGEOCOENOSIS/ LAKE BAIKAL/ VERRUCARIA GENUS/ WEATHERING
Abstract: [The chemical composition of lichens of the genus Verrucaria is investigated, and they were found to contribute actively to the weathering of their granitic rock substrates.]
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Keywords: FUNGAL RESPIRATORY SYSTEM/ HEMOPROTEINS/ LICHEN CULTURE/ USNEA GHATTENSIS
Abstract: [Results suggest that carbon sources may activate the cytochrome respiratory system, thus optimizing the growth of lichenized fungi.]
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Keywords: Ascomycota/ Cephalothecioid plates/ Lichens
Abstract: Gemmaspora lecanorae and Rosellinula haplospora are newly reported for Uzbekistan (Asia), Rosellinula frustulosae for Kyrgyzstan (Asia), and Muellerella ventosicola and Weddellomyces heterochrous for Ukraine (Europe). The different ascospore sizes reported for W. heterochrous are also briefly discussed. © 2011. Mycotaxon, Ltd.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/118.131
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