Abstract: [Six species of terrestrial tardigrades were collected from moss, lichen and leaf litter.] Terrestrial tardigrades were collected from moss, lichen and leaf litter from Grand Cayman in the Cayman Islands, West Indies. Six species were found. Milnesium tardigradum Doyère, 1840, Minibiotus intermedius (Plate, 1889), Paramacro-biotus areolatus (Murray, 1907) and P. richtersi (Murray, 1911) have been reported previously from other islands in the Caribbean Sea. Two species on Grand Cayman were new to science. Doryphoribius tessellatus sp. n. belongs to the 'evelinae-group', with two macroplacoids and cuticular gibbosities. In having two pairs of posterior gibbosities and cuticular depressions forming a reticular design, it is most similar to Doryphoribius quadrituberculatus Kaczmarek & Michalczyk, 2004 from Costa Rica. It differs from D. quadrituberculatus in its gibbosity sequence (III:4:2:2), the number of teeth, size of macroplacoids and details of the reticular design on the dorsal cuticle. Macrobiotus caymanensis sp. n. belongs to the 'polyopus-group' of species. It differs from other species of the group in having a shorter buccal tube, a more posterior stylet support insertion point and fewer, larger egg processes.
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Abstract: Tardigrada (water bear) is a phylum of microscopic animals commonly found in mosses, lichens, leaf litter, and freshwater. Over 200 species of water bear are known to occur in North America; 99 species have been reported from northeastern North America. In lichen and leaf-litter samples from Bar Harbor, Hancock County, ME (a state for which only one species of tardigrade, Thulinius augusti, has hitherto been reported), eleven species of water bear were present: Echiniscus merokensis, Milnesium tardigradum, Ramazzottius baumanni, R. oberhaeuseri, Diphascon (Diphascon) nodulosum, D. (Adropion) prorsirostre, Astatumen trinacriae, Macrobiotus harmsworthi, Macrobiotus hufelandi, Minibiotus furcatus, and Minibiotus intermedius. All have previously been reported from other states and provinces in northeastern North America, but are new records for Maine.
Notes: Tardigrades are common inhabitants of lichens.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.018.0411
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Abstract: Effect of some pollutants on the lichen Hypogymnia physodes is investigated. It is established experimentally that the greatest changes in the chemical composition of the lichen are caused by short-term exposure to 32 and 65% nitric acid and long-term exposure (14-21 days) to low concentrations (3 and 6%) of sulfuric acid.
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Keywords: ammonia/ ammonium nitrate/ ammonium sulfate/ biomonitoring/ FTIR spectroscopy/ Hypogymnia physodes/ pig-breeding complex/ pollutant/ pollution
Abstract: Changes in the chemical composition of lichens exposed to pollutants are investigated by means of FTIR spectroscopy. According to model experiments, alkyl nitrates, ammonium salts, amines, and sulfones develop in the lichen thallus through the action of ammonia and nitric and sulfuric acids. Spectroscopic data of modeling experiments enabled nitrogen- and sulfur-containing substances to be identified as the main air pollutants in the vicinity of a pig-breeding complex and information to be obtained on the content of the pollutants and their impact on the lichens. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10812-011-9522-x
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Abstract: We inferred phylogenetic relationships using Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches for two genera of lichenized fungi, Hypogymnia and Cavernularia (Parmeliaceae). Based on the combined ITS and GPD1 dataset from 23 species (49 specimens) of Hypogymnia and two species (8 specimens) of Cavernularia, we conclude that Hypogymnia is paraphyletic, and that it should include Cavernularia to retain its monophyly. Hypogymnia hultenii (?=? Cavernularia hultenii) and H. lophyrea (?=? C. lophyrea) are accepted here. Five species of Hypogymnia represented by more than a single individual were found to be monophyletic and significantly supported. The phylogeny reflects a statistically significant biogeographic pattern where continental-scale endemic taxa tend to occur within the same phylogenetic group. Sorediate taxa, which have worldwide or broader geographical ranges than affiliated species lacking soredia, are spread across the phylogenetic tree. Hypogymnia contains three species pairs: H. krogiae and the sorediate counterpart H. incurvoides, H. minilobata and the sorediate H. mollis, and H. lophyrea and the sorediate H. hultenii. In the case of H. minilobata, both members of the pair are restricted to a small area in southern California. In the other two cases, the fertile counterpart occurs only in North America, while the sorediate species occurs in both North America and Fennoscandia. This suggests but not proves an origin of each species pair in North America, with migration of the sorediate member to Fennoscandia following the prevailing wind direction.
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Keywords: Antimicrobial activity/ Cytotoxic activity/ Xanthone
Abstract: A series of 15 ?aminoalkoxylxanthones containing methyl, ethyl, propyl, tert-butylamino and piperidinyl moieties were synthesized from a natural xanthone isolated from a lichen species. These compounds were tested for their in vitro antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and cytotoxicity against a number of human tumor cell lines was too evaluated. The newly synthesized derivatives revealed selective activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), and the most promising results are for a multidrug resistant strain, for which six of these compounds showed good activity (MICs 4 µg/mL). Many derivatives inhibited tumor cells growth and most compounds were active on multiple lines.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80051779506&partnerID=40&md5=4c20163d8e33576f32fe934e6b44f17c
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Keywords: Ancestral state reconstruction/ Basidium/ Character evolution/ Lichenicolous fungi/ Molecular phylogeny/ Tremellomycetes
Abstract: The Tremellomycetes (Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi) are a nutritionally heterogeneous group comprising saprotrophs, animal parasites, and fungicolous species (fungal-inhabiting, including lichen-inhabiting). The relationships of many species, particularly those with a lichenicolous habit, have never been investigated by molecular methods. We present a phylogeny of the Tremellomycetes based on three nuclear DNA ribosomal markers (nSSU, 5.8S and nLSU), representing all main taxonomic groups and life forms, including lichenicolous taxa. The Cystofilobasidiales, Filobasidiales, Holtermanniales, and Tremellales (including the Trichosporonales) are recovered as monophyletic, but this is not the case for the Tremellomycetes. We suggest, however, that the Cystofilobasidiales tentatively continue to be included in the Tremellomycetes. As currently circumscribed, the Filobasidiaceae, Sirobasidiaceae, Syzygosporaceae and Tremellaceae are non-monophyletic. Cuniculitremaceae, Sirobasidiaceae and Tetragoniomycetaceae are nested within Tremellaceae. The lichenicolous species currently included within the Tremellomycetes belong in this group, distributed across the Filobasidiales and Tremellales. Lichen-inhabiting taxa do not form a monophyletic group; they are distributed in several clades and sometimes intermixed with taxa of other nutritional habits. Character state reconstruction indicates that two morphological traits claimed to characterize groups in the Tremellomycetes (the basidium habit and basidium septation) are highly homoplastic. Comparative phylogenetic methods suggest that the transitions between single and catenulate basidia in the Tremellales are consistent with a punctuational model of evolution whereas basidium septation is likely to have evolved under a graduational model in the clade comprising the Holtermanniales, Filobasidiales, and Tremellales. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79960569713&partnerID=40&md5=3855fcc1ed63a97efbc8da76c44eb5e2
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URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/079.028.0406
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Abstract: We present a lichen checklist of 141 species from the Lawrence Memorial Grassland Preserve and nearby lands in Wasco County, Oregon, based on collections made in the 1970s and 1990s. Collections include epiphytic, lignicolous, saxicolous, muscicolous, and terricolous species. One of these collections is the type specimen for a recently described species, Placopyrenium conforme. To evaluate differences between collections made in the 1970s and 1990s, taxa are placed in six morphological groups: crustose, foliose, fruticose, squamulose, stratified nitrogen-fixers, and gelatinous nitrogen-fixers. We determined that recent visits to the preserve added a greater proportion of terricolous species to the list than species from other substrates, reflecting developments in the taxonomy and understanding of biological soil crusts over recent decades. The trade-off between smaller-scale study plots that capture accurate species abundance and larger plots that capture more complete species richness is amplified in the sagebrush steppe because of the small size and cryptic nature of many lichens. We discuss the benefits of both approaches to lichen monitoring in these ecosystems. This project was possible because voucher specimens were available from the original 1977 survey, which allowed us to address changes in species concepts over recent decades.
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URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/079.028.0402
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Keywords: Biological soil crusts/ Crusted soils/ Elongated pores/ Erosion rates/ Macro pores/ Morphological characteristic/ Pore shape/ Pore types/ Semi-arid rangeland/ Silty soils/ Soil blocks/ Soil crusts/ Soil quality/ Thin section/ Total porosity/ Erosion/ Porosity/ Seepage/ Two dimensional/ Soils/ cyanobacterium/ erosion control/ functional morphology/ image analysis/ infiltration/ lichen/ porosity/ rangeland/ semiarid region/ silty soil/ soil crust/ soil erosion/ soil quality/ two-dimensional modeling
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2010.0283
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Keywords: Ascomycetes/ Ramalinaceae/ squamulose/ taxonomy
Abstract: An account of 14 species of Phyllopsora from India is provided. P. catervisorediata and P. himalayensis are described as new species, while P. corallina var. subglaucella as a new variety. P. albicans, P. breviuscula, P. chlorophaea, P. confusa, P. isidiotyla, P. kalbii, P. mauritiana, P. nemoralis, P. subcrustacea, and P. swinscowii are new records for the Indian lichen biota. © 2011. Mycotaxon, Ltd.
Notes: New species: P. catervisorediata G.K. Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka and P. himalayensis G.K. Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka; new variety: P. corallina var. subglaucella G.K. Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80051932245&partnerID=40&md5=7a82e251721dabf446600082f9beca06
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Abstract: Lichens represent unique symbiosis of fungi (mycobionts) and algae (photobionts). Living in extremeconditions they developed various compounds to survive. Many of these original compounds have provenbiological activities (antibiotic, antimycotic, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidant, etc) . This paper is synthesis ofcurrently known data about lichens extracts and their potential use in pharmaceutics and medicine.
URL: http://journal.pmf.ni.ac.rs/bionys/index.php/bionys/article/view/69
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Keywords: Antimicrobial activity/ Antioxidant activity/ Antiproliferative activity/ Lichens extract/ Total phenolic content
Abstract: The antioxidative, antimicrobial and antiproliferative potentials of the methanol extracts of the lichen species Parmelia sulcata, Flavoparmelia caperata, Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes and Cladonia foliacea were evaluated. The total phenolic content of the tested extracts varied from 78.12 to 141.59 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GA)/g of extract and the total flavonoid content from 20.14 to 44.43 mg of rutin equivalent (Ru)/g of extract. The antioxidant capacities of the lichen extracts were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals scavenging. Hypogymnia physodes with the highest phenolic content showed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging effect. Further, the antimicrobial potential of the lichen extracts was determined by a microdilution method on 29 microorganisms, including 15 strains of bacteria, 10 species of filamentous fungi and 4 yeast species. A high antimicrobial activity of all the tested extracts was observed with more potent inhibitory effects on the growth of Gram (+) bacteria. The highest antimicrobial activity among lichens was demonstrated by Hypogymnia physodes and Cladonia foliacea. Finally, the antiproliferative activity of the lichen extracts was explored on the colon cancer adenocarcinoma cell line HCT-116 by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) viability assay and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. The methanol extracts of Hypogymnia physodes and Cladonia foliacea showed a better cytotoxic activity than the other extracts. All lichen species showed the ability to induce apoptosis of HCT-116 cells. © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052173478&partnerID=40&md5=a3a5610ecf54444cfb4c68e59e4eab87
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Keywords: LHCII/ Non-photochemical quenching/ Parmotrema tinctorum/ Photosystem II
Abstract: A time-resolved fluorescence study of living lichen thalli at 5 K was conducted to clarify the dynamics and mechanism of the effective dissipation of excess light energy taking place in lichen under extreme drought conditions. The decay-associated spectra obtained from the experiment at 5 K were characterized by a drastically sharpened spectral band which could not be resolved by experiments at higher temperatures. The present results indicated the existence of two distinct dissipation components of excess light energy in desiccated lichen; one is characterized as rapid fluorescence decay with a time constant of 27 ps in the far-red region that was absent in wet lichen thalli, and the other is recognized as accelerated fluorescence decay in the 685-700 nm spectral region. The former energy-dissipation component with extremely high quenching efficiency is most probably ascribed to the emergence of a rapid quenching state in the peripheral-antenna system of photosystem II (PS II) on desiccation. This is an extremely effective protection mechanism of PS II under desiccation, which lichens have developed to survive in the severely desiccated environments. The latter, which is less efficient at 5 K, might have a supplementary role and take place either in the core antenna of PS II or aggregated peripheral antenna of PS II. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11120-011-9691-8
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Keywords: Biomonitoring/ Cement plant/ Emission/ Epiphytic lichens/ Mercury
Abstract: The study was focused on understanding the mercury contamination caused by a cement plant. Active and passive biomonitoring with epiphytic lichens was combined with other instrumental measurements of mercury emissions, mercury concentrations in raw materials, elemental mercury concentrations in air, quantities of dust deposits, temperatures, precipitation and other measurements from the cement plant's regular monitoring programme. Active biomonitoring with transplanted lichens Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf was performed at seven of the most representative sites around the cement plant and one distant reference site for periods of 3, 6 and 12 months. In situ lichens of different species were collected at the beginning of the monitoring period at the same sites. Mercury speciation of the plant exhaust gas showed that the main form of emitted mercury is reactive gaseous mercury Hg2+, which is specific for cement plants. Elemental mercury in air was measured in different meteorological conditions using a portable mercury detector. Concentrations in air were relatively low (on average below 10 ng m-3). In situ lichens showed Hg concentrations comparable to lichens taken from the background area for transplantation, indicating that the local pollution is not severe. Transplanted lichens showed an increase of mercury, especially at one site near the cement plant. A correlation between precipitation and Hg uptake was not found probably due to a rather uniform rainfall in individual periods. Dust deposits did not influence Hg uptake significantly. Lichens vitality was affected over longer biomonitoring periods, probably due to some elements in dust particles, their alkalinity and the influence of other emissions. Mercury uptake measured in vital transplanted lichens was in a good correlation with the working hours (i.e. emitted Hg quantity) of the kiln. The study showed that selected lichens could be used to detect low to moderate Hg emissions from a cement plant and that the biomonitoring procedure could be further standardized and used as part of an environmental monitoring programme. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80054738294&partnerID=40&md5=038690b91ff9db45b0b5ee2da5de16b5
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Abstract: [New species: Heterodermia andina, H. arvidssonii, H. badia, H. fertilis and H. parva; new combination: H. spinigera.] Thirty-three species of the lichen genus Heterodermia in South America, mainly from Ecuador and Peru, are defined. Morphology, anatomy, chemistry, habitat, distribution and interrelation between the species are discussed. A key to the treated species is presented. Five species are described as new; Heterodermia andina, H. arvidssonii, H. badia, H. fertilis and H. parva. One new combination is proposed; H. spinigera. Two species are reported as new to South America, H. spathulifera and H subcitrina, and H. palpebrata is reported as new to USA.
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Keywords: Bioclimatology/ Biogeography/ Cryptic lineage/ Genetic distance/ Molecular phylogeny/ New species/ Parmelia saxatilis complex
Abstract: In the last decade, a number of cryptic species have been discovered in lichenized fungi, especially in species with a cosmopolitan or disjunctive distribution. Parmelia saxatilis is one of the most common and widely distributed species. Recent molecular studies have detected two species, P. ernstiae and P. serrana, within P. saxatilis s. lat., suggesting the existence of considerable genetic diversity that may not yet be expressed at the phenotypic level. Due to the complexity in the P. saxatilis s. lat. group, we used this as a model to study the species boundary and identify cryptic lineages. We used Phylogenetic (Bayes, ML and MP) and genetic distance approaches to analyze ITS and ?-tubulin sequences. Our results confirm the existence of another cryptic lineage within P. saxatilis s. lat. This lineage is described herein as a new species, P. mayi. It forms an independent, strongly supported, monophyletic lineage, distantly related to the morphologically similar species P. ernstiae, P. saxatilis and P. serrana. Morphologically, it is indistinguishable from P. saxatilis but the new species is separated by molecular, bioclimatic, biogeographic and chemical characters. At present, P. mayi appears to have a restricted distribution in the northern Appalachian mountain territories of North America. It is found in climatic conditions ranging from hemiboreal and orotemperate to cryorotemperate ultrahyperhumid bioclimates. © Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 2011.
Notes: New species: Parmelia mayi Divakar, A. Crespo & M.C. Molina
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0060-4
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Abstract: Recently, the number of cryptic species known has increased considerably, showing that species diversity has in many cases been underestimated in the past. Parmelia sulcata is a widely distributed species and one of the most common taxa in temperate Europe. The first intra-specific molecular studies on P. sulcata showed an unexpectedly high genetic variability. In the present work, we study the biodiversity of this taxon including specimens from four continents and using three molecular markers (nuITS, nuIGS rDNA, and partial beta-tubulin gene). Two monophyletic groups of P. sulcata were encountered; one of these is epitypified as P. sulcata s. str and the other one is segregated as the new cryptic species P. encryptata sp. nov. Issues surrounding the lectotypification of Parmelia sulcata have also been elucidated.
Notes: New species: Parmelia encryptata A. Crespo, Divakar & M. C. Molina
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000521
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Abstract: Non-timber forest products form a substantial contribution to the livelihood of many rural communities worldwide. In the Western Ghats, India, epiphytic macrolichens are harvested by Paliyan tribes to generate supplementary income. Paliyan tribes employ two harvesting methods: shallow harvesting, with a minimum of attached bark substratum, and deep harvesting, which exposes the sapwood. To evaluate the regeneration of the lichen community in terms of species diversity, abundance and composition, 320 bark samples of up to 50 cm2 were collected from bark patches where lichens had been harvested previously, as shown by bark scars. Samples selected represented four host tree species, both harvesting methods and seven one-year intervals of time since harvesting. In each case, the field guide estimated sample age, and peer-testing proved these estimates to be reliable up to an age of seven years. Seven years after harvesting, the lichen community showed noteworthy regeneration capacity in terms of total lichen coverage and species richness. However, to assess the risk of local species loss in the long-term, any harvesting should include continuous monitoring of lichen species composition. Since shallow harvesting resulted in a swifter recovery of species abundance and richness compared with deep harvesting, harvesters should preferentially employ the shallow harvesting method.
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Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the extent and geographical pattern of intraspecific chemical and genetic variability of the lichen Hypogymnia physodes by comparing populations from different habitats. We analyzed the secondary lichen substances and their relative concentrations using HPTLC and HPLC in samples collected from sites with different environmental conditions. We identified seven lichen substances: the cortical atranorin and chloroatranorin, and the medullary physodalic, physodic, protocetraric, 3-hydroxyphysodic, and 2'-O-methylphysodic acids. The samples were uniform qualitatively, which means that H. physodes has only one chemotype. We detected quantitative chemical differences between the samples without any geographical pattern. We investigated 21 samples in order to study the connection between genotypic diversity of populations and geographical distribution. We determined the sequences of five loci (ITS, nucSSU, nucLSU, mitSSU, EF1a). We found no significant genetic differentiation among populations collected from different areas. © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2011.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84855226679&partnerID=40&md5=d978806d5ff7e184e058c2bcbdf9f8c0
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Abstract: During an ongoing investigation of Iran’s lichen biota we explored two valleys in the Binaloud Mountains (west of Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan province). As a result, we report 57 species, including 18 species new to the province.
Countries/Continents: Iran/Asia
URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2550428
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Keywords: Cambodia/ Fissurina batavana/ Graphis chlorotica/ Graphis taneina/ Lichen
Abstract: Three species of two genera, Fissurina batavana (Zahlbr.) M. Nakan., Kashiw. & K. H. Moon, Graphis taneina M. Nakan., Kashiw. & K. H. Moon and Graphis chlorotica A. Massal. in the lichen family Graphidaceae are newly reported from Cambodia and their distribution ranges are presented. Among them, Graphis taneina is new to science. G. taneina is distinct from the allied species of the genus in having sorediate thallus, erumpent lirellae without striation, labia covered by a thallus nearly up to the top of exciples, transversely septate colorless spores which are 30-32 × 7-8 um and in producing 2-methoxypsoromic acid. A new combination, Fissurina batavana (Zahlbr.) M. Nakan., Kashiw. & K. H. Moon is proposed. In addition, these are the second worldwide records for F batavana and Graphis chlorotica.
Notes: New species: Graphis taneina M. Nakan., Kashiw. & K. H. Moon; new combination: Fissurina batavana (Zahlbr.) M. Nakan., Kashiw. & K. H. Moon
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80855140765&partnerID=40&md5=cdde43a1cc304bff509d1d037b0b1fad
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Abstract: As a result of taxonomic studies of the genus Menegazzia (Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales) in Korea, four species are recognized; M. anteforata Aptroot, M. J. Lai & Sparrius, M. nipponica K. H. Moon, Kurok. & Kashiw., M. primaria Aptroot, M. J. Lai & Sparrius and M. terebrata (Hoffm.) A. Massal. Among them M. anteforata is a new addition to the present area. Menegazzia asahinae (Yasuda ex Asahina) R. Sant. is excluded from the lichen flora of Korea.
URL: http://www.tsumura.co.jp/english/kampo/plant/086/086_05.html
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Keywords: lichens/ lichenicolous fungi
Abstract: A list of 13 species of lichens and 12 species of lichenicolous fungi from Lithuania is presented. New to the Baltic states are Arthonia molendoi, Caloplaca flavocitrina, C. phlogina, Diederichia pseudeverniae, Phoma ficuzzae, P. foliaceiphila, Scoliciosporum gallurae, Strangospora deplanata, Vezdaea acicularis and Wentiomyces lichenicola; new to Lithuania are Bachmanniomyces uncialicola, Bacidia pycnidiata, Cladonia monomorpha, Clypeococcum cetrariae, Lecania cuprea, Leptogium rivulare, Libertiella curvispora, Opegrapha vermicellifera, Polycoccum pulvinatum, Porpidia soredizodes, Scoliciosporum sarothamni, Thelocarpon epibolum, Trichonectria anisospora, Vouauxiomyces ramalinae. The teleomorph of Scutula dedicata is recorded for the first time in the country.
Countries/Continents: Lithuania
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Keywords: lichens, lichenicolous fungi, Lithuania, protected areas
Abstract: The paper deals with the results of inventory of lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied saprobic fungi from Kamanos State Strict Nature Reserve. A total of 171 species (of these 152 species of lichens, 16 lichenicolous and 3 non-lichenized saprobic fungi) were reported. Three lichenized species (Lecanora farinaria, Normandina acroglypta and Ochrolechia alboflavescens) and two lichenicolous species (Epicladonia simplex and Pronectria santessonii) were reported for the first time in Lithuania. Only one species of the Red Data Book (RDB) of Lithuania – Arthonia vinosa was recorded. Icmadophila ericetorum, RDB species previously reported from the Reserve was not re-found. Lithuanian: Straipsnyje pateikiami lichenizuotų, lichenofilinių ir jiems artimų saprotrofinių grybų inventorizacijos Kamanų valstybiniame rezervate duomenys. Iš viso rezervato teritorijoje aptikta 166 rūšys (iš jų 148 rūšių kerpės, 15 rūšių lichenofiliniai ir 3 rūšių nelichenizuoti saprotrofiniai, su kerpėmis susiję grybai). Trijų rūšių kerpės (Lecanora farinaria, Normandina acroglypta, Ochrolechia alboflavescens) ir dviejų rūšių lichenofiliniai grybai (Epicladonia simplex, Pronectria santessonii) Lietuvoje aptikti pirmą kartą. Rezervate buvo nustatytas itin mažas retų ir saugomų rūšių skaičius ir tik viena į Lietuvos raudonąją knygą įtraukta kerpių rūšis – Arthonia vinosa. Ketvirtajame XX a. dešimtmetyje rezervate aptikta ir į Lietuvos raudonąją knygą įtraukta Icmadophila ericetorum šio tyrimo metu nebuvo rasta.
Notes: In English with Lithuanian abstract
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Abstract: The paper deals with the results of inventory of lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied saprobic fungi from Kamanos State Strict Nature Reserve. A total of 171 species (of these 152 species of lichens, 16 lichenicolous and 3 non-lichenized saprobic fungi) were reported. Three lichenized species (Lecanora farinaria, Normandina acroglypta and Ochrolechia alboflavescens) and two lichenicolous species (Epicladonia simplex and Pronectria santessonii) were reported for the first time in Lithuania. Only one species of thre Red Data Book (RDB) of Lithuania – Arthonia venosa was recorded. Icmadophila ericetorum, RDB species previously reported from the Reserve was not refound.
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Abstract: A list of 13 species of lichens and 12 species of lichenicolous fungi from Lithuania is presented. New to the Baltic states are Arthonia molendoi, Caloplaca flavocitrina, C. phlogina, Diederichia pseudeverniae, Phoma ficuzzae, P. foliaceiphila, Scoliciosporum gallurae, Strangospora deplanata, Vezdaea acicularis and Wentiomyces lichenicola; new to Lithuania are Bachmanniomyces uncialicola, Bacidia pycnidiata, Cladonia monomorpha, Clypeococcum cetrariae, Lecania cuprea, Leptogium rivulare, Libertiella curvispora, Opegrapha vermicellifera, Polycoccum pulvinatum, Porpidia soredizodes, Scoliciosporum sarothamni, Thelocarpon epibolum, Trichonectria anisospora, Vouauxiomyces ramalinae. The teleomorph of Scutula dedicata is recorded for the first time in the country.
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Abstract: Additional lichenological research was made in two nature reserves of the Central Chernozem Region (south-eastern part of Central Russia). As a result, 14 lichen species new to the Voronezh Region were found and 6 species new to the Central Chernozem Region as a whole. Among them, 5 indicating species of old-growth and moderately disturbed forest communities were noted, as well as 2 species rare in Russia. Other recorded species are rare for the Central Chernozem Region.
Countries/Continents: Russia/Europe
Notes: In Russian with English abstract.
URL: https://www.binran.ru/en/publications/novosti-sistematiki-nizshyh-rastenij/1946/9798/
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Keywords: Distribution/ Lecanorales/ Lichenized fungi/ Taxonomy/ geographical distribution/ lichen/ new record/ new species/ taxonomy/ Kazakhstan/ Kyrgyzstan/ Russian Federation/ Ryazan/ Tajikistan
Abstract: Lecanora percrenata H. Magn. is reported as new for Europe. The species is also noted from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Lecanora albescens (Hoffm.) Branth & Rostr. and L. perpruinosa Fröberg are reported for the first time from the Ryazan region in Russia. New records of L. dispersa (Pers.) Sommerf. and L. semipallida H. Magn. in the area of Ryazan are also given.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80855130173&partnerID=40&md5=615b12b62be350d0a31df82c7c87b1b7
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Abstract: Premise of the study: Thallus architecture has long been a powerful guide for classifying lichens and has often trumped photobiont association and ascomatal type, but the reliability of these characters to predict phylogenetic affinity has seldom been tested. The cyanolichen genus Polychidium unites species that have strikingly similar gross morphology but consort with different photobiont genera. If Polychidium were found to be monophyletic, photobiont switching among closely related species would be suggested. If, however, species were found to arise in different lineages, a convergent body plan and ascomatal type evolution would be inferred. Methods: We tested the monophyly of Polychidium with a multilocus phylogeny based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data from all known Peltigeralean families and reconstructed ancestral states for specific thallus architecture and ascomatal ontogeny types relative to Polychidium and other clades. Key results: We found that Polychidium consists of two species groups that arose independently in different suborders within the Peltigerales, associated with Nostoc and Scytonema photobionts, respectively. We infer from ancestral character state reconstruction that dendroid thallus architecture evolved independently in these two lineages. Conclusions: The independent development of similar dendroid thallus architecture in different fungal suborders with different photobionts represents a clear and previously overlooked example of convergent evolution in lichens. Our results also suggest a pattern of character state conservation, loss, and reversion in ascomatal ontogeny types, hitherto considered conserved traits useful for higher level ascomycete systematics.
Genera/Families: Polychidium
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Abstract: [In Spanish.]
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Abstract: Aim of the study: The objective of the study was to investigate and document the utilization of medicinal (with emphasis on anthelmintic) plants by the people of Loitoktok district in Kenya for the management of both animal and human health. Materials and methods: The study was conducted between May and October 2009. Information was gathered from 23 traditional health practitioners, from across the district, by use of semi-structured questionnaires; transect walks, oral interviews and focus group discussions. Voucher specimens of cited plants were collected and deposited at the botanical herbarium of the University of Nairobi. Results: A total of 80 medicinal plants cited were collected and identified as belonging to 46 families and 70 genera. The plants identified were 48%, 38%, 7%, 6% and 1% trees, shrubs, herbs, lianas and lichens, respectively. Most of the plants belonged to the families Fabaceae (10%), Euphorbiaceae (6%), Rutaceae (5%) followed by Boraginaceae, Labiateae, Rubiaceae, and Solanaceae at 4% each. However, the six most important families by their medicinal use values in decreasing order were Rhamnaceae, Myrsinaceae, Oleaceae, Liliaceae, Usenaceae and Rutaceae. The ailments treated included respiratory conditions, helminthosis, stomach disorders, malaria, sexually transmitted diseases, infertilities and physical injuries. Helminthosis in both livestock and humans was recognized as a major disease managed by use of medicinal plants (with an informant consensus factor of 0.86) in the study area. The most frequently used plant anthelmintics were Albizia anthelmintica (Fabaceae), Myrsine africana (Myrsinaceae), Rapanea melanophleos (Myrsinaceae), Clausena anisata (Rutaceae) and Olea Africana (Oleaceae) used by 70%, 70%, 26%, 13% and 9% of the respondents, respectively. Other plant anthelmintics used, each by 4% of the respondents, were Rumex usambarensis (Polygonaceae) and Salvadora persica (Salvadoraceae). Conclusion: It is concluded that traditional health practice in Loitoktok depend largely on naturally growing plants and that the study area has a potential for bio-prospecting of crude drugs from plants due to the large number of medicinal plants cited. There is also need for further studies to validate the plants used in medicinal remedies in this area.
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Abstract: The biomagnification behavior of perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs) was studied in terrestrial food webs consisting of lichen and plants, caribou, and wolves from two remote northern areas in Canada. Six PFCAs with eight to thirteen carbons and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were regularly detected in all species. Lowest concentrations were found for vegetation (0.02-0.26 ng/g wet weight (ww) sum (S) PFCAs and 0.002-0.038 ng/g ww PFOS). Wolf liver showed highest concentrations (10-18 ng/g ww SPFCAs and 1.4-1.7 ng/g ww PFOS) followed by caribou liver (6-10 ng/g ww SPFCAs and 0.7-2.2 ng/g ww PFOS). Biomagnification factors were highly tissue and substance specific. Therefore, individual whole body concentrations were calculated and used for biomagnification and trophic magnification assessment. Trophic magnification factors (TMF) were highest for PFCAs with nine to eleven carbons (TMF = 2.2-2.9) as well as PFOS (TMF = 2.3-2.6) and all but perfluorooctanoate were significantly biomagnified. The relationship of PFCA and PFSA TMFs with the chain length in the terrestrial food chain was similar to previous studies for Arctic marine mammal food web, but the absolute values of TMFs were around two times lower for this study than in the marine environment. This study demonstrates that challenges remain for applying the TMF approach to studies of biomagnification of PFCAs and PFSAs, especially for terrestrial animals. © 2011 American Chemical Society.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80054687132&partnerID=40&md5=6506dcb600c7f5833d94d0f95163af6d
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Abstract: The phylogenetic relationships of the genus Bryoria were examined using ITS, partial glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and mitochondrial SSU rDNA sequence data in addition to 20 chemical and morphological characters. This first comprehensive molecular study to assess Bryoria phylogeny includes representatives from all the traditionally recognized four sections. Combined cladistic analyses of 88 Bryoria specimens representing at least 25 species resulted in highly resolved phylogenies. Based on the results, a new infrageneric classification for the genus is proposed. Five sections are recognized, largely corresponding to the existing classification, with the addition of section Americanae. The study shows that while most species with an erect growth-form are clearly monophyletic, current species status of many pendent taxa can be questioned.
Notes: New section: Bryoria sect. Americanae Myllys & Velmala
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000132
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Keywords: AQUATIC LICHEN/ BIOGEOCOENOSIS/ LAKE BAIKAL/ VERRUCARIA GENUS/ WEATHERING
Abstract: [The chemical composition of lichens of the genus Verrucaria is investigated, and they were found to contribute actively to the weathering of their granitic rock substrates.]
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Keywords: FUNGAL RESPIRATORY SYSTEM/ HEMOPROTEINS/ LICHEN CULTURE/ USNEA GHATTENSIS
Abstract: [Results suggest that carbon sources may activate the cytochrome respiratory system, thus optimizing the growth of lichenized fungi.]
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Keywords: Ascomycota/ Cephalothecioid plates/ Lichens
Abstract: Gemmaspora lecanorae and Rosellinula haplospora are newly reported for Uzbekistan (Asia), Rosellinula frustulosae for Kyrgyzstan (Asia), and Muellerella ventosicola and Weddellomyces heterochrous for Ukraine (Europe). The different ascospore sizes reported for W. heterochrous are also briefly discussed. © 2011. Mycotaxon, Ltd.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/118.131
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Keywords: Bactericidal activity/ Cladonia ochrochlora/ Lichen/ Parmotrema nilgherrensis/ Parmotrema sancti-angelii/ Secondary compounds/ acetic acid ethyl ester/ acetone/ alectoronic acid/ alpha collatolic acid/ atranorin/ fumarprotocetraric acid/ hexane/ hypoprotocetraric acid/ lecanoric acid/ methanol/ organic solvent/ plant medicinal product/ protocetraric acid/ unclassified drug/ algae, lichens, mosses and ferns/ article/ bactericidal activity/ Cladonia ochrochlora/ controlled study/ drug isolation/ drug stability/ fractionation/ minimum inhibitory concentration/ nonhuman/ Parmotrema nilgherrensis/ Parmotrema sancti angelii/ storage temperature
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-83055187628&partnerID=40&md5=fa7ef31dfa93dc89f1b0f18788ce5c0d
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Abstract: Nearly one-fourth of the lichen-forming fungi associate with trentepohlialean algae, yet their genetic diversity remains unknown. Recent work focusing on free-living trentepohlialean algae has provided a phylogenetic context within which questions regarding the lichenization of these algae can be asked. Here, we concentrated our sampling on trentepohlialean algae from lichens producing a diversity of growth forms (fruticose and crustose) over a broad geographic substratum, ecological, and phylogenetic range. We have demonstrated that there is no evidence for a single clade of strictly lichenized algae; rather, a wide range demonstrated the ability to associate with lichenized fungi. Variation was also observed among trentepohlialean algae in lichens from a single geographic area and tree, suggesting that fungi in close proximity can associate with different trentepohlialean algae, consistent with the findings of trebouxiophycean algae and cyanobacteria.
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Abstract: The cetrarioid core group has been the focus of numerous taxonomic and phylogenetic studies in recent years, yet the phylogenetic resolution and support among these clades remains unclear. Here we use four commonly employed loci to estimate if their use increases phylogenetic resolution and support. The present study largely confirms the topologies of previous studies, but with increased support. Approximately half of the genera in the cetrarioid core were not monophyletic. Melanelia sorediella was clustered within Cetrariella, and the combination Cetrariella sorediella (Lettau) V. J. Rico & A. Thell comb. nov. is made. Additionally, the genus Flavocetrariella was supported as part of Nephromopsis and is considered to be a synonym of the latter. Finally, a comparison of genetic distances shows that the maximum intrageneric genetic distance encompassed by many cetrarioid genera is lower than that of many other genera in Parmeliaceae.
New taxa: Cetrariella sorediella
Genera/Families: Parmeliaceae
Notes: New combination: Cetrariella sorediella (Lettau) V. J. Rico & A. Thell
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000508
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Keywords: Lichens/ Pleosporales/ Systematics/ Trypetheliaceae
Abstract: Here we continue to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of taxa ascribed to the primarily lichen-forming families Trypetheliaceae, Monoblastiaceae and Arthopyreniaceae. We demonstrate that the genera Julella and Arthopyrenia do not form monophyletic groups with taxa from these genera instead being placed both in Pleosporales and Trypetheliales. Within Dothideomycetes, lichen-forming species with brown ascospores are generally placed in the genera Mycomicrothelia, Architrypethelium, and Aptrootia in the family Trypetheliaceae. We tested the taxonomic placement of Anisomeridium phaeospermum, inMonoblastiaceae. This species produces brown-spores with wall ornamentation and therefore appears morphologically similar to Mycomicrothelia. Despite these morphological similarities, molecular data confirmed its placement in Anisomeridium. Consequently, the distinction between these two genera is in need of clarification and ascus characters are identified as the principal discriminating feature. Finally, we identify the non-lichenized taxa Heleiosa barbatula and Funbolia dimorpha as being part of the otherwise lichen-forming family Monoblastiaceae. This is confirmed by the perithecial anatomy of the sexually reproducing Heleiosa barbatula. © Kevin D. Hyde 2011.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0144-7
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Keywords: North America, Alaska, biogeography, lichens, Hypogymina, Collema
Abstract: Hypogymnia pulverata is a foliose macrolichen distinguished by its solid medulla and laminal soredia. Though widespread in Asia, it is considered rare in North America, where it is currently known from three widely separated locations in Québec, Oregon, and Alaska. We document the first report of this species from Alaska and from several new localities within south-central and southwestern Alaska. Collema leptaleum is a non-stratified, foliose cyanolichen distinguished by its multicellular, fusiform ascospores and a distinct exciple cell type. It is globally distributed, known most proximately from Kamchatka, Japan and eastern North America, but considered rare in Europe. It has not heretofore been reported from western North America. We report it from three locations in south-central Alaska.
URL: http://www.pnwfungi.org/pdf_files/manuscripts_volume_6/naf20117.pdf
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Keywords: Ascomycota/ Geographical distribution/ Lichen-forming fungi/ Taxonomy
Abstract: Seven foliicolous species growing in tropical regions of Vietnam are reported as new to the country. Described are Arthonia accolens, Calenia aspidota, Calopadia subcoerulescens, Coenogonium minimum, Fellhanera rhapidophylli, F. semecarpi, and Porina subnitidula. Among them, Coenogonium minimum and Porina subnitidula are reported for the first time from the paleotropics. © 2011 Publishing Technology.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/117.93
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Abstract: We used a regionally modified global vegetation model (BIOME4-Tibet) to simulate biome distribution on the Tibetan Plateau under current climate conditions derived from regional meteorological observations. The bioclimatic limits (mean temperatures of the coldest and warmest months, minimum temperature, growing degreedays on 5 °C and 0 °C bases) for some key alpine plant functional types (temperate deciduous and conifer trees, boreal deciduous and conifer trees, desert woody plants, tundra shrubs, cold herbaceous plants, and lichens/forbs) were redefined based on regional vegetation-climate relationships. Modern vegetation maps confirmed that the BIOME4-Tibet model does a better job of simulating biome patterns on the plateau (gridcell agreement 52%) than the original BIOME4 model (35%). This improved model enhanced our ability to simulate temperate conifer forest, cool conifer and mixed forest, evergreen taiga, temperate xerophytic shrubland, temperate grassland and desert, and steppe and shrub tundra biomes, but made a negligible or reduced difference to the prediction of temperate deciduous forest, warm-temperate mixed forest, and three tundra biomes (erect dwarf-shrub tundra, prostrate dwarfshrub tundra, and cushion forb, lichen, and moss tundra). Future modification of the vegetation model, by increasing the number of shrub and herb plant functional types, re-parameterization of more precise bioclimatic constraints, and improved representation of soil, permafrost, and snow processes, will be needed to better characterize the distribution of alpine vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052188791&partnerID=40&md5=e4ca08de2631ab46d505148bc192766c
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Notes: In Russian.
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Abstract: Parmelina tiliacea is a common, widely distributed species in south-western Europe, easily identifiable by morphology and much used as an air pollution bioindicator in many regions. A molecular phylogenetic survey of samples from many geographical areas, using Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian inference of nuITS and mtLSU rDNA regions, revealed a group of samples geographically restricted to a small region of the Iberian Peninsula and genetically separated from the other P. tiliacea specimens studied. These samples are morphologically indistinguishable from P. tiliacea, apart from subtle anatomical characters in the ascomata (hyphae of the exciple and ascospore width), which are frequently absent. Although geographically different, the two taxa occupy similar habitats and are even sympatric in some areas, indicating that they do not exchange genetic material. This previously overlooked, and apparently endemic lineage, is described as P. cryptotiliacea sp. nov., and the name Lichen tiliaceus is epitypified by a sequenced specimen to fix the application of Parmelina tiliacea to the widespread genotype. A second unexpected result was the discovery that the morphologically distinct P. pastillifera was nested within P. tiliacea. These two cases stress the need to use molecular tools to elucidate species concepts even within widespread morphologically well-characterized macrolichens. Such investigations are necessary to improve our understanding and estimation of biodiversity, and to facilitate the development of sound biodiversity conservation strategies for lichens.
Notes: New species: Parmelina cryptotiliacea A. Crespo & Núñez-Zapata
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002428291100051X
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Keywords: Dry deposition/ Exotic plants/ Fire cycle/ Mediterranean-type ecosystems/ N flushes/ Phosphorus/ Seasonality
Abstract: We review the ecological consequences of N deposition on the five Mediterranean regions of the world. Seasonality of precipitation and fires regulate the N cycle in these water-limited ecosystems, where dry N deposition dominates. Nitrogen accumulation in soils and on plant surfaces results in peaks of availability with the first winter rains. Decoupling between N flushes and plant demand promotes losses via leaching and gas emissions. Differences in P availability may control the response to N inputs and susceptibility to exotic plant invasion. Invasive grasses accumulate as fuel during the dry season, altering fire regimes. California and the Mediterranean Basin are the most threatened by N deposition; however, there is limited evidence for N deposition impacts outside of California. Consequently, more research is needed to determine critical loads for each region and vegetation type based on the most sensitive elements, such as changes in lichen species composition and N cycling. © 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80051687032&partnerID=40&md5=6ab43bdc0c1061426725fa4826299cab
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Abstract: Steady state Iceland-spar calcite dissolution rates were measured at 25°C in aqueous solutions containing 0.1M NaCl and up to 0.05M dissolved bicarbonate at pH from 7.9 to 9.1 in the presence of 13 distinct dissolved organic ligands in mixed-flow reactors. The organic ligands considered in this study include those most likely to be present in either (1) aquifers at the conditions pertinent to CO2 sequestration or (2) soil/early diagenetic environments: acetate, phthalate, citrate, EDTA4-, succinate, d-glucosaminate, l-glutamate, d-gluconate, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, fumarate, malonate, and gallate. Results show that the presence of <0.05mol/kg of these organic anions changes calcite dissolution rates by less than a factor of 2.5 with the exception of citrate and EDTA4-. The presence of 0.05mol/kg citrate and EDTA4- increases calcite dissolution rates by as much as a factor of 35 and 500, respectively, compared to rates in organic anion-free solutions. Further calcite dissolution experiments were performed in the presence of organic polymers similar to bacterial exudates, cell exopolysaccharides, and analogs of microbial cell envelopes: alginate, lichen extract, humic acid, pectin, and gum xanthan. In no case did the presence of <100ppm of these organics change calcite dissolution rates by more than a factor of 2.5. Results obtained in this study suggest that the presence of aqueous organic anions negligibly affects calcite forward dissolution rates in most natural environments. Some effect on calcite reactivity may be observed, however, by the presence of organic anions if they change substantially the chemical affinity of the fluid with respect to calcite.
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Abstract: Mat-forming lichens are important as food source for reindeer during the winter, and thus a vital resource to manage in reindeer husbandry. In this paper we suggest a method for monitoring of changes in lichen height with the purpose to early detect changes in lichen abundance in reindeer grazing areas. The method is intended for measuring geographically uniform lichen areas, evenly used for reindeer grazing. We analysed spatial variations in lichen height at the meter and 100 m scales, and calculated sample size requirements, and estimated effects of forest density and age, lichen moisture and lichen density on lichen height, and assessed the correspondence between lichen height and biomass. The variation in lichen height differed considerably between sites and, hence, the required sample size to detect a 5 mm change in lichen height with a power of 0.95 ranged from 200 to 2000, depending on the standard deviation of measured heights. Based on the autocorrelation in lichen height found between adjacent measurement points, a minimum distance of 4 m between measurement points is also recommended. Lichen height was significantly affected by lichen moisture, and the results suggest that this effect of moisture might vary with lichen density. Lichen height varied spatially within the study sites, and the spatial variations were partly caused by forest age and density. Thus, gradual changes in the forest characteristics are likely to alter the spatial variation in lichen height and it is therefore important to regularly re-evaluate the locations of measurement points within the monitored area. This study provides suggestions for a variable that could be used as an indicator of changes in the lichen resource, and aspects that should be considered when designing a monitoring program. The accuracy of detecting changes depends on the monitoring efforts, i.e. the number and distribution of measurement points and how often an area is monitored. In conclusion, our results indicate that measurements of lichen height have considerable potential for monitoring of changes in lichen resources within reindeer husbandry.
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Abstract: This work aimed at comparing the ability of two plants in accumulating atmospheric trace elements. Samples of Parmelia sulcata (lichen) were transplanted and covered with a net into an exposed location on the trunk of Jacaranda mimosifolia (bark) at different sites impacted by urban - industrial emissions for a period of 3 months. Lichen samples were harvested along with bark samples for trace element analysis with the use of ICP-MS. The results indicated that concentrations in bark and lichen transplants correlated significantly with atmospheric deposition for all the elements. There was a consistent pattern of accumulation in both biomonitors with the bark outperforming the lichen. Significant differences were observed in the accumulation efficiency for both biomonitors at different sites (p < 0.01). Both plants studied showed Pb to be related to vehicular emission and Cr to the mining industries within the study site. Both plants could serve as alternative biomonitors, however and wherever possible both plants should not be used interchangeably in areas with trace elements deposits.
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Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the level and possible sources of trace elements in Tshwane metropolis using transplanted lichen thallus of Parmelia sulcata with a view to evaluating the ability of this lichen species to monitor air pollutants from a perceived polluted environment. Methods: Samples of the lichen thalli were transplanted into ten different sites and covered with a net. Samples were exposed for 3 months. Concentrations of ten trace elements were determined with the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results: A significant difference was observed in the values of elemental concentration in lichen from unpolluted area and those transplanted to all the sites (p < 0.01). Variations in values of trace elements recorded in lichen transplant from different sites were also statistically significant (p < 0.01). The high traffic sites showed significantly higher elemental concentrations, particularly for Pb, Zn, and Cu than the industrial and residential areas (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Trends in the trace element values from different sites suggested that the elements might have come from anthropogenic sources.
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Abstract: Community analyses of epiphytic lichens were used to study the controlling factors of lichen abundance and diversity in urban and rural environments of Pittsburgh in southwestern Pennsylvania. Two urban sites included Schenley and Frick Parks in metropolitan Pittsburgh and two rural sites at Mingo Creek County Park in Washington County and Roaring Runs Natural Area in Westmoreland County. Community composition of lichens was measured at six intensive monitoring plots per site and site-wide species diversity surveys. The lichen diversity value, a statistical estimator of the environmental conditions at a site, was greater at the rural sites (20.8 ± 3.0) compared to the urban sites (11.3 ± 3.5) (± standard error), suggesting a less disturbed lichen community at Mingo and Roaring Runs. In the intensive monitoring plots, species richness was greater at Mingo and Roaring Runs compared to Schenley and Frick, averaging 5.2 ± 0.3, 4.7 ± 0.4, 3.7 ± 0.8 and 2.0 ± 0.4, respectively. The dominant lichens across all sites were Lepraria lobificans, an unidentified sterile crustose lichen and Cladonia ochrochlora. The dominance of nitrophilous and sulfur dioxide–tolerant lichens at all sites suggests that the lichen community within the larger geographical region is influenced by nitrogen and sulfur dioxide air pollutants. The differences between sampling sites are most likely driven by lichens responding to changes in urbanization, which include humidity and habitat fragmentation.
Countries/Continents: North America/U.S.A.
URL: http://www.opdyke-environlab.com/resources/PAS%20lichen%20publication_2011.pdf
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Abstract: In the present study, lichens and lichenicolous fungi diversity were investigated on 10 Quercus taxa found in the Marmara region and 159 lichens and 3 lichenicolous fungi taxa belonging to 57 genera were recorded from 182 localities. Of these 162 taxa, 13 taxa were recorded for the first time from the Marmara region. 132 taxa were determined on Q. cerris, 98 taxa on Q. frainetto, 91 taxa on Q. petraea, 90 taxa on Q. pubescens, 42 taxa on Q. virgiliana, 35 taxa on Q. infectoria, 27 taxa on Q. ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis, 26 taxa on Q. trojana, 14 taxa on Q. robur, and 12 taxa on Q. coccifera.
Countries/Continents: Turkey/Asia
URL: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1192038
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Notes: New species: Leciophysma parvum Øvstedal
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Abstract: [New species: Porpidia submelinodes Osyczka & Olech.] To date, there have only been two endemic species of the lichen genus Porpidia known from the maritime Antarctic. A new endemic species, Porpidia submelinodes Osyczka & Olech, recognized in the South Shetlands and South Orkneys, is described in this paper. The species is primarily characterized by its rusty orange, sorediate thallus, composed of convex, well separated and rounded areoles, and by the absence of lichen secondary products detectable by TLC. The morphology and soralia of this new species correspond to the arctic-alpine and boreal-mountain lichen Porpidia melinodes. The paper also discusses the differences between these two taxa and all Porpidia species reported from Antarctica.
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Abstract: This paper is the first report on Cladonia species from Ardahan, a north-eastern province of Turkey. A circumpolar boreal-low arctic species, Cladonia acuminata, rarely reported from Asia, and the recently described Cladonia monomorpha are reported as new for Turkey. Their detailed descriptions and taxonomical remarks are provided. Localities of other ascertained Cladonia species in the province supplement the knowledge of their distribution patterns in the country. In addition, the typically corticolous/lignicolous species Vulpicida pinastri is mentioned as also growing on primary squamules and podetia of C. pyxidata.
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Abstract: Fragmentation represents a serious threat to biodiversity worldwide, however its effects on epiphytic organisms is still poorly understood. We study the effect of habitat fragmentation on the genetic population structure and diversity of the red-listed epiphytic lichen, Lobaria pulmonaria, in a Mediterranean forest landscape. We tested the relative importance of forest patch quality, matrix surrounding fragments and connectivity on the genetic variation within populations and the differentiation among them. A total of 855 thalli were sampled in 44 plots (400 m2) of 31 suitable forest fragments (beeches and oaks), in the Sierra de Ayllón in central Spain. Variables related to landscape attributes of the remnant forest patches such as size and connectivity and also the nature of the matrix or tree species had no significant effects on the genetic diversity of L. pulmonaria. Values of genetic diversity (Nei’s) were only affected by habitat quality estimated as the age patches. Most of the variation (76%) in all populations was observed at the smallest sampled unit (plots). Using multiple regression analysis, we found that habitat quality is more important in explaining the genetic structure of the L. pulmonaria populations than spatial distance. The relatively high level of genetic diversity of the species in old forest patches regardless of patch size indicates that habitat quality in a highly structured forest stand determines the population size and distribution pattern of this species and its associated lichen community. Thus, conservation programmes of Mediterranean mountain forests have to prioritize area and habitat quality of old forest patches.
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Keywords: LARCH PLANTATION/ LICHEN INVASION/ CLIMATE CHANGE
Abstract: Usnea flavocardia was found in Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, far northeast of its known Western and Southern European distribution range. There is no doubt that it is a recent colonisation in this area that was heavily influenced by S02 pollution during the 20th century. The appearance of U. flavocardia could be the result of milder winters of the last few years, but the possibility that the species was previously overlooked in Brandenburg cannot be ruled out.
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Keywords: biodiversity/ lichens/ lichenicolous fungi/ Pantelleria Island/ Mediterranean area
Abstract: We report a list of 234 infrageneric taxa of lichens from the island of Pantelleria (Sicily), 229 of which are lichenized ascomycetes and 5 lichenicolous fungi.
Notes: In Italian with English summary.
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Notes: New species: Circinaria arida Owe-Larss., A. Nordin & Tibell; new combination: Circinaria elmorei (E.D. Rudolph) Owe-Larss., A. Nordin & M. Sohrabi
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Abstract: This paper lists a total of 264 taxa of lichenized and non-lichenized fungi recorded for Gorski kotar and Kvarner littoral; specifically, 184 for Gorski kotar and 170 for Kvarner littoral. Nine taxa are new to Croatia. The list is based on literature records and field work carried out in periods 2000–2002, and 2009–2010. Taxonomic analyses as well as ecological and phytogeographical analyses are presented. The ecological characterization of the lichen flora was determined by assessing the indicato values, and comparing them to values determined for adjacent areas in Slovenia and Italy. Due to particularities in relief and climate, percentage of lichens of oceanic/ suboceanic distribution is higher along the eastern Adriatic coast, in relation to the west Adriatic coast.
Countries/Continents: Croatia/Europe
URL: https://doi.org/10.14720/abs.54.1.15451
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Abstract: Determining the origins of heavy metals, their accumulation, and their detoxification mechanisms constitutes a major problem in understanding environmental pollution in urban areas. The objective of this study was to detect the relative air quality in Eskisehir city center (Turkey) through the transplanted epiphytic lichen Pseudovernia furfuracea as a biomonitor of the concentrations of some heavy metals accumulated and to describe their toxic effects on lichen physiology during the study period of one year. The influence of heavy metal accumulations on macroelement levels were also examined. In addition to analysis of B, K, Ca, P, S, Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cu, total soluble proteins and oxidative stress parameters through glutathione (GSH) contents and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were also determined. Results indicate that, although the heavy metal concentrations were found to be gradually increased from the unpolluted control zone to the city center, the concentrations of macroelements S and Ca were higher in the polluted area. However, B, K, Mg, and P elements were found to be higher in the unpolluted area than in the polluted zones. It seems that heavy metals induce oxidative stress in lichens; we found enhancement of GSH concentrations and GST activity. Most probably, the expected destruction in this organism was reduced by the intervention of antioxidant capacity. Therefore, this report confirms the fact that the epiphytic lichen P. furfuracea is a good model for biomonitoring atmospheric quality for a long-term transplantation study, and oxidative stress parameters stand out as a tool for an early environment assessment of other physiological parameters.
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Keywords: GENERATION TIME/ JUVENILE GROWTH/ LOBARIA/ PSEUDOCYPHELLARIA/ REPRODUCTION/ SEASONAL GROWTH
Abstract: [The relative growth rates observed in this study were faster than previously recorded.]
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Keywords: ALBEDO/ CARBON SEQUESTRATION/ FIRE REGIME/ REFORESTATION
Abstract: [The researchers suggest that there may not be a "climate change mitigation benefit" from carbon sequestration resulting from the shift from boreal woodlands to open lichen ground cover.]
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Keywords: Chlorophyll content/ Chlorophyll fluorescence/ CO2 assimilation/ Cryptogamic crust/ Rehydration/ Tropics
Abstract: In our present studies, the recovery of photosynthetic activity after rehydration was demonstrated. We measured chlorophyll fluorescence, CO2 gas exchange and the pigment composition in the previously long-term air-dried cryptogamic inselberg crusts collected from two tropical areas. The cryptobiotic crusts were collected from different localities on similar ecological and climatic conditions from extreme habitats of inselbergs (outcrops). These inselbergs are characterized by a dry microclimate and are covered by scarce soil. We found that the ecophysiological responses of both cryptogamic inselberg crusts showed an extremely high degree of desiccation-tolerance due to the fast and full recovery during rehydration. The photosynthetic activity of the cryptobiotic crusts were restored and regained within 15 and 40 min, respectively, after rehydration. Photosynthetic activity of the crusts was retained at all applied light intensities when enough water was available, however the degree of the recovery was different between the crusts. Photosynthetic pigment contents were strongly and positively correlated with water content. Our results indicated that tropical desiccation-tolerant cryptogamic crusts found on inselberg rock surfaces have CO2 fixation ability in the range of cyanobacteria and lichens, suggesting that at a global scale they can assimilate CO2 in a significant amount. © 2011 © Versita Warsaw and Springer-Verlag Wien.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052277587&partnerID=40&md5=e5722b33dd56f75e39103724e3162548
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Keywords: Arctic/ Biodiversity/ Bryophytes/ Climate change/ Competition/ Facilitation/ Life forms/ Salix
Abstract: Question: How does the composition and species richness of understorey vegetation associate with changing abundance of deciduous shrub canopies? What are the species-specific associations between shrubs and understorey plants? Location: Tundra habitats along an over 1000-km long range, spanning from NW Fennoscandia to the Yamal Peninsula in northwest Russia. Methods: The data from 758 vegetation sample plots from 12 sites comprised cover estimates of all plant species, including bryophytes and lichens, and canopy height of deciduous shrubs. The relationships between shrub volume and cover of plant groups and species richness of vegetation were investigated. In addition, species-specific associations between understorey species and shrub volume were analysed. Results: Shrub abundance was shown to be associated with the composition of understorey vegetation, and the association patterns were consistent across the study sites. Increased forb cover was positively associated with shrub volume, whereas bryophyte, lichen, dwarf shrub and graminoid cover decreased in association with increasing volume of deciduous shrubs. The total species richness of vegetation declined with increasing shrub volume. Conclusions: The results suggest that an increase of shrubs
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052283453&partnerID=40&md5=579b519cc5ad90c99d11b549bab3820d
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Genera/Families: Leconora
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Countries/Continents: Asia/India
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Abstract: The lichen Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. has been exposed for 3 months in and around an industrial area of Mediterranean Italy for monitoring physiological (photosynthetic efficiency, membrane lipids peroxidation and cell membrane integrity) and chemical (bioaccumulation of the heavy metals Cr, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) effects and investigate the consistency with the environmental quality status depicted by the diversity of epiphytic lichens (index of lichen diversity (ILD)).The results showed that thalli transplanted close to the industrial area exhibited early stress symptoms, as revealed by the increase in electrical conductivity indicating a damage endured by lichen cell membranes. The electrical conductivity was inversely correlated with the diversity of epiphytic lichens recorded at the same sites. The ILD negatively correlated also with membrane lipid peroxidation and the rate of accumulation of Pb, V and Zn. Reciprocal correlations found among trace elements pinpointed vehicular traffic and metal processing in the industrial area as main sources. The damage endured by cell membranes was the best physiological indicator consistent with the air quality status depicted by the diversity of epiphytic lichens.
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Abstract: [New combination: Vainionora flavidorufa is proposed for Lecanora flavidorufa Hue.] The species of Lecanora sensu stricto occurring in Thailand are revised. Twenty-eight species are accepted with one new species, L. kansriae described for a taxon with small crystals in the amphithecium and containing the stictic acid chemosyndrome. Eight species are recorded from Thailand for the first time: L. coronulans, L. farinacea, L. interjecta, L. leproplaca, L. melaleuca, L. plumosa, L. pseudargentata, and L. toroyensis. Previous records of L. casuarinophila, L. insignis, L. pulicaris, and L. subgranulata are shown to be based on misidentifications. The new combination Vainionora flavidorufa is proposed for Lecanora flavidorufa Hue (syn. L. lividocarnea Vain. and L. lividoglauca Vain.). A key for the identification of the treated species is provided.
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Abstract: The phylogenetic placement of the genus Maronina was studied, based chiefly on phenotypic characters such as thallus colour and anatomy, secondary chemistry, the anatomy of the excipulum and the ascus-type. DNA sequence data of mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal loci from some of the species support the hypothesis that Maronina is nested within Protoparmelia. Hence, Maronina is reduced to synonymy with Protoparmelia. Comparison of genetic distances suggests that the two varieties within M. orientalis should be regarded as distinct species. Consequently, the new combinations Protoparmelia australiensis (Hafellner & R. W. Rogers) Kantvilas et al., P. corallifera (Kantvilas & Papong) Kantvilas et al., P. hesperia (Kantvilas & Elix) Kantvilas et al., P. multifera (Nyl.) Kantvilas et al., and P. orientalis (Kantvilas & Papong) Kantvilas et al. are proposed.
Notes: New combinations: Protoparmelia australiensis (Hafellner & R. W. Rogers) Kantvilas, Papong & Lumbsch, Protoparmelia corallifera (Kantvilas & Papong) Kantvilas, Papong & Lumbsch (stat. nov), Protoparmelia hesperia (Kantvilas & Elix) Kantvilas, Papong & Lumbsch, Protoparmelia multifera (Nyl.) Kantvilas, Papong & Lumbsch and Protoparmelia orientalis (Kantvilas & Papong) Kantvilas, Papong & Lumbsch.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000284
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Notes: In Thai.
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Keywords: endemisms/ Lichens/ New Zealand/ Patagonia
Abstract: The present contribution is part of an extensive revision of Pannariaceae in southern South America Nothofagus forests. Pannaria byssoidea is described as new to science from this area. The morphology, anatomy and chemistry of collections, including type specimens from Argentina, Chile and New Zealand were studied. The specimens from southern South America differ from those from New Zealand, and are here accommodated in a new species, P. byssoidea. The new species differs from P. implexa mainly in two characters: spore anatomy and medullary substance. The South American P. byssoidea is characterized by an orbicular squamulose thallus, surrounded by a thick byssoid prothallus, ellipsoid to subglobose ascospores, with roughened perispore, and the presence of leprolomin as medullary substance. Pannaria implexa is considered endemic to New Zealand, and is characterized by the ellipsoid ascospores, with a halonate perispore, and the presence of pannarin as medullary substance. Both species are illustrated and notes on their taxonomy, distribution and ecology are given. © 2011 The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc.
Notes: New species: Pannaria byssoidea Passo & Calvelo.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-114.4.756
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Keywords: 1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH)/ Antioxidant/ Ramalina terebrata/ Raw264.7/ Tyrosinase
Abstract: Ramalin (?-glutamyl-N'-(2-hydroxyphenyl)hydrazide), a novel compound, was isolated from the methanol-water extract of the Antarctic lichen Ramalina terebrata by several chromatographic methods. The molecular structure of ramalin was determined by spectroscopic analysis. The experimental data showed that ramalin was five times more potent than commercial butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in scavenging 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydazil (DPPH) free radicals, 27 times more potent in scavenging 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid free radicals (ABTS{radical dot}+) than the vitamin E analogue, trolox, and 2.5 times more potent than BHT in reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+ ions. Similarly, ramalin was 1.2 times more potent than ascorbic acid in scavenging superoxide radicals and 1.25 times more potent than commercial kojic acid in inhibiting tyrosinase enzyme activity, which ultimately leads to whitening of skin cells. Ramalin showed no or very little cytotoxicity in human keratinocyte and fibroblast cells at its antioxidant concentration. Furthermore, ramalin was assessed to determine its antioxidant activity in vivo. One microgram per milliliter ramalin significantly reduced the released nitric oxide (NO) and 0.125 µg/ml ramalin reduced the produced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-stimulated murine macrophage Raw264.7 cells. Considering all the data together, ramalin can be a strong therapeutic candidate for controlling oxidative stress in cells. © 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79960694393&partnerID=40&md5=9ab651dbb9b468fa6a5111f0c43297b8
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Abstract: A list of lichens collected in "Samarovskiy Chugas" Nature Park (Western Siberia, Tyumen Region) is presented.
Countries/Continents: Russia/Europe/Asia
Notes: In Russian with English abstract.
URL: https://www.binran.ru/en/publications/novosti-sistematiki-nizshyh-rastenij/1946/9800/
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Abstract: Many lichens can cope with heavy-metal stress, however, the mechanisms of lichen tolerance are still not fully understood. Some lichen secondary metabolites (depsides and depsidones), produced in lichens by the fungal symbiont and accumulated on the outer surface of its hyphae, are supposed to play an important role in the extracellular immoblilization of heavy metals. Lichen photobionts (algal partners in the symbiosis), although surrounded by the mycobiont hyphae, may also accumulate high amounts of trace metals. This can lead to physiological disruptions and morphological damage in algal cells and hence affect the lichen physiological status. We hypothesized that lichen species/specimens living in heavily polluted sites and showing HM tolerance possess a higher content of secondary metabolites than those living in unpolluted sites. Hence, their photobionts can be better protected from the excess of metal ions and need to produce less metal-complexing phytochelatins (PCn) to combat metal toxicity. Specimens of Hypocenomyce scalaris, Cladonia furcata and Lepraria spp. sampled from Zn/Pb-polluted and control sites were compared for the accumulation of Zn/Pb and secondary metabolites, as well as for their production of phytochelatins and glutathione in response to experimental Zn or Pb exposure. Generally, the lichen specimens sampled from the HM-polluted site contained higher amounts of Zn and Pb as well as lichen substances (different depsides and depsidones) than those from the control site. A strong positive correlation was found between the accumulation of secondary metabolites and Zn/Pb accumulation (R2=0.98 and 0.63, respectively). For the first time, production of phytochelatins (PC2-3) in response to Zn and Pb (50-200ÎĽM) exposure was found in H. scalaris, L. elobata, L. incana and C. furcata. In both species of Lepraria also cysteine, a substrate for GSH and PCs synthesis was detected. The lichens from the polluted site produced under the same exposure conditions, or in response to higher metal concentrations, lower amounts of PCn than those sampled from the control site. It strongly suggests that less Zn and Pb ions reached the photobiont cells of the lichens containing higher amounts of secondary metabolites (lecanoric, fumarprotocetraric, stictic, constictic acids, antranorin). The results obtained support the putative role of some metabolites in heavy-metal tolerance of the lichens inhabiting metal-polluted habitats.
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Abstract: [New lichenicolous species: Llimoniella cinnabarinae.] The new lichenicolous fungus Llimoniella cinnabarinae growing on Ramboldia cinnabarina from Alaska is described. The lack of excipular or epihymenial K+ purplish, violet or green pigments places it near the recently described L. phaeophysciae group. Its affinity with Llimoniella and other members of lichenicolous Helotiales is discussed.
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Keywords: Bryophytes/ Extracellular/ Intracellular/ Lichens/ Particulate/ SET
Abstract: The use of bryophytes and lichens as biomonitors of atmospheric contamination, particularly contamination by heavy metals, is a well-known and widely applied technique. Determination of the total concentrations in organisms is often used in such studies, but has some disadvantages that may be resolved by using the sequential elution technique (SET). This technique involves successive washing steps that enable quantification of the elements in the different cell compartments (intercellular, extracellular, and intracellular), and finally determination of the remaining fraction, i.e. particulate material. The key step in the SET is the correct extraction of the extracellular fraction, for whiách a suitable extractant must be used for each different element considered. We have found only seven studies that have focused on selecting suitable extractants, which may be metal cations or chelating agents. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid is presented as the most appropriate extracellular extractant for Al, Co, Cu, K, Mg, Pb, V, and Zn, for which it has been tested, and for Cd and Fe, for which it has not yet been tested (although it is known to be capable of extracting these elements). The only extractant that is capable of extracting extracellular Hg is dimercaprol. The technique has been used in laboratory studies and less often in field studies carried out in the surroundings of focal points of contamination. The elements analysed include nutrients (e.g. Ca, K, and Mg) and heavy metals (e.g. Cd, Zn, and Cu), usually associated with sources of emission of contaminants. Several problems have arisen in the application of the SET, some of which must be resolved. These include methodological problems (e.g. variability in the extraction process) and problems inherent in the SET itself, which are more difficult to resolve. Other techniques, such as histochemical techniques and electron microscopy with microanalysis, must therefore be used simultaneously with the SET to determine if the uptake of metal is only extracellular. At present, in light of the disadvantages of the quantification of the extracellular fraction, measurement of the intracellular fraction is presented as the best option because it is not affected by the metal burden in the particles, enables evaluation of environmental risks, better represents the average conditions of contamination, and enables better evaluation of phytotoxicity. © British Bryological Society 2011.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743282011Y.0000000010
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Abstract: [Correction to Table 1.]
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Abstract: The new lichenicolous fungus Llimoniella cinnabarinae growing on Ramboldia cinnabarina from Alaska is described. The lack of excipular or epihymenial K+ purplish, violet or green pigments places it near the recently described L. phaeophysciae group. Its affinity with Llimoniella and other members of lichenicolous Helotiales is discussed.
Notes: New species: Llimoniella cinnabarinae Pérez-Ortega, Etayo & T. Sprib.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000272
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Abstract: Parmotrema mirandum (Hale) Hale is shown to contain hypoconstictic acid as a major secondary metabolite and represents one of the few records of this substance as a major diagnostic secondary metabolite in Parmotrema. In addition, P. mirandum is reported for the first time from localities in the Mexican states of Guerrero and Morelos.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-114.3.474
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Notes: In Spanish with English abstract.
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Keywords: adaptation/ algae/ Asterochloris/ coevolution/ ecology/ fungi/ Lepraria/ lichen guilds/ ombrophoby/ photobiont/ phylogenetic signal/ symbiosis
Abstract: The distribution patterns of symbiotic algae are thought to be conferred mainly by their hosts, however, they may originate in algal environmental requirements as well. In lichens, predominantly terrestrial associations of fungi with algae or cyanobacteria, the ecological preferences of photobionts have not been directly studied so far. Here, we examine the putative environmental requirements in lichenized alga Asterochloris, and search for the existence of ecological guilds in Asterochloris-associating lichens. Therefore, the presence of phylogenetic signal in several environmental traits was tested. Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated set of internal transcribed spacer rDNA and actin type I intron sequences from photobionts associated with lichens of the genera Lepraria and Stereocaulon (Stereocaulaceae, Ascomycota) revealed 13 moderately to well-resolved clades. Photobionts from particular algal clades were found to be associated with taxonomically different, but ecologically similar lichens. The rain and sun exposure were the most significant environmental factor, clearly distinguishing the Asterochloris lineages. The photobionts from ombrophobic and ombrophilic lichens were clustered in completely distinct clades. Moreover, two photobiont taxa were obviously differentiated based on their substrate and climatic preferences. Our study, thus reveals that the photobiont, generally the subsidiary member of the symbiotic lichen association, could exhibit clear preferences for environmental factors. These algal preferences may limit the ecological niches available to lichens and lead to the existence of specific lichen guilds. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
URL: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052528366&partnerID=40&md5=a461eea324e9892810303f15e3f9d17e
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Abstract: Notes on Acarospora janae
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Abstract: From 242 collections 120 determined species representing 68 genera of lichens are reported from a two-day survey of privately owned and protected bluff and bottomland forests in Darlington and Florence Counties of South Carolina in May 2008. We also report a handful of specimens representing apparently undescribed species in the genera Arthonia, Melaspilea and Phaeographis. Two species of lichenicolous fungi, Sphinctrina tubiformis and Minutoexcipula tuckerae, are also reported (both from Pertusaria thalli). Species richness and composition suggests a healthy forest environment.
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